'"••• 

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LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 


BASED   UPON 


LIYY,    BOOK    XXI., 


SELECTIONS  FOR  TRANSLATION  INTO  LATIN, 

WITH  PARALLEL  PASSAGES  FROM  LIVY. 


BY 

A.  JUDSON  EATON,  PH.D.  (LEIPZIG), 

McGiLL  UNIVERSITY,  MONTREAL. 


BOSTON,  U.S.A.,  AND  LONDON  : 
PUBLISHED   BY   GINN   &  COMPANY. 

1892. 


ENTERED  AT  STATIONERS'  HALL. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1891,  by 

GINN  &  COMPANY, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED. 


TYPOGRAPHY  BY  J.  8.  CUSHING  &  Co.,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 


PRESSWORK  BY  GINN  &  Co.,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 


IT  is  generally  conceded  that  the  best  way  of  study- 
ing Latin  prose  is  in  connection  with  the  reading  of 
Latin  authors.  The  translation  of  the  Latin  is  in  this 
way  done  with  more  care,  thought,  and  appreciation; 
the  desired  grammatical  drill  is  acquired,  as  well  as,  in 
addition  to  a  vocabulary,  a  precise  and  definite  sense  of 
Latin  style. 

Our  great  models  for  Latin  prose  are  Caesar,  Cicero, 
and  Livy.  Of  exercises  based  upon  Caesar's  Commen- 
taries, we  have  no  lack.  But  in  beginning  the  reading 
of  Livy,  similar  lessons  were  unknown  to  the  author,  and 
the  following  exercises  were  prepared,  based  upon  the 
twenty-first  book,  as  preliminary  to  Latin  composition 
after  the  style  of  Livy. 

Short  oral  exercises  are  recommended  in  connection 
with  the  translation  of  each  chapter,  and  after  a  thor- 
ough study  of  several  chapters,  in  which  each  word, 
phrase,  construction,  and  arrangement  have  been  care- 
fully noted,  the  written  exercises  are  to  be  taken  up. 
At  first  close  imitation  is  exacted,  till  the  learner  gets 
into  the  swing  of  the  author's  style.  Then  follow  exer- 

iii 


iv  PREFACE. 

cises,  graduated  in  difficulty,  of  a  more  complex  and  less 
literal  character,  and  extracts  from  leading  historians, 
parallel  to  some  extent,  in  subject  and  style,  to  portions 
of  Livy,  already  read. 

After  the  completion  of  the  twenty-first  book,  compo- 
sition exercises  are  continued  in  connection  with  sight- 
reading.  The  rhetorical  stories  of  Livy  are  often  short 
and  complete  in  themselves,  so  that  they  can  be  read 
fairly  well  by  the  help  of  a  brief  introduction.  After 
a  selection  has  been  read  at  sight,  the  student  may  be 
requested  to  study  it  more  minutely,  and  then  a  suitable 
extract,  similar  in  manner.and  style,  may  be  put  into  his 
hands  for  translation.  A  few  such  passages,  with  notes 
subjoined,  have  been  added. 

On  questions  of  grammar,  references  are  given  to 
Allen  and  Greenough's  Latin  Grammar  (A.  &  G.),  and 
Harkness'  Latin  Grammar  (H.).  In  an  appendix  will 
be  found  suggestions  to  students,  notes  on  idioms,  and 
a  study  of  the  periodic  style  of  Livy ;  references  to 
which  are  made  by  sections  (§).  In  the  preparation  of 
these  notes,  considerable  indebtedness  is  due  to  Potts' 
admirable  work  Hints  towards  Latin  Prose  Composition, 
and  Postgate's  Sermo  Latinus,  a  short  guide  to  Latin 

prose  composition. 

A.  J.  E. 

McGiLL  UNIVERSITY, 
Sept.  7,  1891. 


LATIN  PEOSE  EXERCISES, 

LIVY,   BOOK   XXI. 
I.  —  Chaps.  1  and  2. 

BY  way  of  introduction1  to  this  division  of  my  work, 
I  may2  state  that  I  am  about  to  describe  the  most 
famous  war  ever  waged,  namely,  that  which  the  Cartha- 
ginians, under  the  leadership3  of  Hannibal,  maintained 
with  the  Eoman  people.4  No  other5  states  which  have 
waged  war  against  one  another  ever  had  so  great  re- 
sources6 or  power  or  strength,  as  Eome7  and  Carthage7 
at  that  time.  The  war  was  carried  on8  with  intense 
hatred  on  both  sides,  but  especially  on  the  part  of  the 
Carthaginians,  because  the  conquered  had  been  subjected9 
to  an  imperious  and  rapacious  exercise  *  of  authority. 

Hamilcar,  the  father  of  Hannibal,  a  man  of  high  spirit, 
had  been  galled8  by  the  loss10  of  Sardinia  and  Sicily ;  and 
with  good  reason,  for  u  Roman  fraud  ^  had  snatched  them 
from  Carthage,  during  the  African  mutiny.  Had  he 
lived w  longer,  it  is  clear  that  the  Carthaginians  led  by 
him  would  have  entered  Italy  in  arms. 

1  §  1.  Render  here  by  praefSri.  2  Use  licet.  For  Const.,  see 
A.  &  G.  227.  e. ,  331.  i.  Note  3.  H.  538.  »  Abl.  Abs.  A.  &  G.  255.  a. 
H.  431. 4.  §  17.  *  A.  &  G.  344.  k.  5  Not  to  be  translated.  6  Dis- 
tinguish in  meaning  between  vis,  robur,  opes.  Consult  Lat.-Eng. 
Diet.  7  §  17.  8  §  16.  9  Use  impero.  What  mood  ?  A.  &  G. 
321.  a.,  230.  H.  516.  II.,  301.  1.  10  A.  &  G.  292.  a.  §  19.  »  and 
with  good  reasons,  for :  namque,  a  strengthened  iiaiu  (cf.  icai  ydp). 
See  Lat.-Eng.  Diet.  12  Means.  13  A.  &  G.  308,  337.  b.  H.  610, 
527.  Study  also  A.  &.  G.  343-345.  H.  560-569. 

1 


LATIN    PROSE   EXERCISES. 


II.  —  Chaps.  2  and  3. 

Hamilcar's  death  delayed  the  war,  and  during  an  in- 
terval of  about 1  eight  years,  between  the  demise  of  the 
father  and  succession  of  the  son,  the  supreme  command 
was  held  by  Hasdrubal,  who  had  won  in  early  youth  the 
favor  of  Hamilcar.  Hasdrubal,  a  statesman  rather  than 
a  general,2  advanced  the  Carthaginian  interests3  far  more 
by  forming  friendly  alliances  with  neighboring  chiefs 
than  his  father-in-law  had  by  force*  of  arms.  For  he 
had  a  wonderful  tact  in  winning  over  new  tribes,  and  in 
dealing  with  petty  chiefs.  He  was  assassinated5  in  open 
day  by  a  barbarian,  B.C.  221.6  The  soldiers  instantly 
carried  Hannibal  into  the  general's  tent  and  proclaimed 
him  commander-in-chief  amid  loud  and  universal7  accla- 
mation. Now  Hannibal  hated  Home  most  of  all.8  For 
when  he  was  a  small  boy,  about  nine  years  old,  his  father, 
who  chanced9  to  be  sacrificing  before  transporting  his 
army  to  Spain,  had  set10  the  child  before  the  altar,  and 
with  his  hand  upon  the  victim,  made  him  swear11  eter- 
nal M  enmity  to  Rome. 

1  Distinguish  fere,  ferine,  paene,  and  prope.  2  See  "  Sugges- 
tions," 10.  8  See  "Suggestions,"  10.  *  Hendiadys,  §  13.  5§  16. 
6  Use  the  Roman  method  of  reckoning  time.  7  Universal :  omnium. 
§  9.  8  Render  by  one  word.  9  Use  forte.  10  Use  the  participial 
const.  Remember  that  the  Latin  prefers  subordination,  English 
co-ordination  of  clauses.  §21.  n  made  swear:  consult  Diet, 
under  adigo.  12  Distinguish  between  perpetuus,  aeternus, 
semplternus. 


LIVY,  BOOK   XXI. 


III. —Chaps.  1-5. 

Now  that  Hannibal  held  the  supreme  command, 
through  the  influence  of  the  Barcine  faction,  his 
actions1  soon  showed  plainly  that  he  was  destined  to 
become  a  great  general.  Sent2  to  Spain,  he  at  once 
attracted  the  admiration  of  the  entire  army.  The 
esteem  of  the  old  soldiers  was  further  won  by  his 
father's  memory.3  "  Can  this,"  said  they,  "  be  Hamilcar, 
restored  to  us  again  in  his  youth 4  ?  "  They  saw  in  him 
the  same  features,  the  same  animated  look  and  penetrat- 
ing eye,  the  same  high  spirit  and  bitter  hatred  of  the 
Roman.  Naturally  fearless  and  with  confidence  in  his 
own  powers,  with  a  temper  adapted5  to  obey  as  well  as 
to  command,  he  was  beloved  by  all.  He  could6  endure 
any  labor ;  and  whatever  time  was  left  to  him  after 
business  was  finished  he  gave  to  repose;  yet  he  would7 
lie,  not  on  a  soft  couch,  but  on  the  bare  ground,  among 
the  guards,  wrapped  in  his  military  cloak. 

Many  historians  have  falsely  ascribed8  to  Carthage's 
greatest  general9  inhuman  cruelty  and  perfidiousness, 
affirming10  that  he  had  no  regard  for  the  truth,  no  sense 
of  religion. 

1  §  1.  2  A.  &  G.  292.  H.  549.  8A.&G.338.  H.  523.  *  A.  &  G. 
186.  c.  H.  443.  5  habilis  :  A.  &  G.  299,  and  footnote ;  234.  b  ; 
300.  H.  391.  6§  5.  7A.  &  G.  277.  H.  469.  §5.  8  falsely 
ascribed :  false  inslmulare.  9  §  10.  10  A.  &  G.  336.  2,  N.  2. 


LATIN    PROSE   EXERCISES. 


IV.  — Chaps.  1-6. 

In  resolving  on  war  in  Spain  in  order  to  rouse  the 
Romans  to  arms,1  Hannibal  was  but  carrying  out2  the 
original  design3  of  his  father,  whose  actions4  showed6 
plainly  that  he  was  meditating  a  greater  war  than  that 
in  which  he  was  engaged.  But  he  had  been  cut6  off  by 
a  premature7  death.  Hasdrubal,  too,  had  been  murdered 
in  open  day  by  a  barbarian  :  and  now,  for  fear8  that 
some9  accident  might,  if  he  hesitated,10  cut  short  his 
career11  also,12  13  Hannibal  thought  that  there  must  not 
be  a  moment's  delay.  He  determined  to  provoke  Rome 
to  arms  by  an  attack  on  her  allies,  the  Saguntines,  and 
stormed  and  plundered  the  city  of  Cartala,  the  rich  capi- 
tal of  the  Alcades.  He  laid  waste  the  country  round 
about,14  and  soon  all  beyond  the  Ebro,  except  Saguntum, 
was  in  Carthaginian  hands.  And  now,  that  it  might 
seem  that  he  had  been  drawn  into  the  attack  upon  the 
Saguntines  by  the  course  of  events,  the  neighboring 
tribes  were  made  to  pick  a  quarrel  with  them,  while  he 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  former. 

1  Latin  idiom,  Roman  arms.  2  exsequor.  3  original  design : 
render  this  idea  by  a  verb  and  adverb.  §  1.  4  Employ  se  gerere. 
§§  1,  17.  5  What  mood  ?  A.  &  G.  319.  H.  500.  «  opprimo. 
7  immat urns.  Consult  Lat.-Eng.  Diet.  s  for  fear  that :  ne. 
A.  &  G.  331  f.  H.  498.  III.  9  A.  &  G.  105  d.  H.  190.  1.  10  A.  &  G. 
292.  H.  649.  "  §§  17.  1.  "  Suggestions,"  10.  12  A.  &  G. 
345.  b.  H.  569.  III.  13  Before  translating  the  following  sentences, 
consult  §§  21-23.  14  Bender  by  an  adjective. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI. 


V.  — Chaps.  1-12. 

War  was  not  yet  openly  declared,  but  there  were 
already  grounds  for  it.  l  The  Saguntines  saw  that  they 
were  threatened  with  immediate  danger,  and  despatched 
ambassadors  to  Rome, 2  imploring  assistance.  The  matter 
was  brought  before  the  senate,  3in  the  consulship  of 
Publius  Scipio  and  Tiberius  Longus,  219  B.C.,  and  it4 
was  decided  to  send  ambassadors  into  Spain  5with  in- 
structions to  investigate  the  condition  of  their  allies, 
6  and,  if  they  saw  sufficient  reason,  to  warn  Hannibal  no 
to  meddle  with  the  Saguntines,  as  being  allies  of  Rome. 
But  before  the  embassy  had  been  despatched,6  news  of 
the  siege  came  unexpectedly/  and  all  Rome  was  fired 
with  indignation,8  that  the  conquered  should  9  presume 
to  attack  the  allies  of  the  Roman  people.  The  question 
of  public  policy  was  again10  brought  before  the  senate, 
and  a  second  motion11  prevailed  that  the  commission 
should  proceed  12to  Carthage  in  Africa  to  insist  upon  the 
surrender  of  the  general's  person.13 

1  Latin  idiom :  the  Saguntines,  ichen  they  saw.  §  23.  d.  2  In 
how  many  ways  might  this  be  expressed  ?  A.  &  G.  318.  8  Ad- 
verbial phrases  of  time  usually  stand  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence. 
4  How  best  translated  ?  A.  &  G.  180.  f.,  201.  e.  §  14.  5  with  in- 
structions to  :  ut.  6  Abl.  Abs.  A.  &  G.  255.  H.  431.  7  I.e.  sooner 
than  the  hope  of  all.  A.  &  G.  247.  b.  H.  417.  N.  5.  8  indignor. 
What  two  constructions  may  this  verb  take  after  it  ?  A.  &  G. 
333.  b.  H.  535.  III.  9  ultro  Inferre :  presume  to  attack.  Consult 
Lat.-Eng.  Diet,  under  nil ro.  10  Distinguish  between  iterum, 
rnrsus,  denuo  (de  nov5).  u  sententia.  12  A.  &  G.  259.  h. 
13  ipse. 


LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


VI.  — Chaps.  1-12. 

Now  'while  the  Romans  were  wasting  their  time  in 
discussing  the  situation,2  Hannibal  had  already  begun 
the  attack  on  Saguntum  with  the  greatest  energy.3 
This  city,  which  stood  at  the  distance  of  one  mile  from 
the  sea, 4  abounded  in  wealth,  and  had  grown  up  to  such  a 
degree  of  opulence  that  it  was  by  far  the  most  important 
of  any  beyond  the  Ebro.  5  Thinking  that  its  possession 
would6 be  invaluable  to  him,  and  any  delay  imprudent, 
he  marched  into  their  territory,  in  three  divisions.  He 
then  surrounded  the  city  with  his  engines,  7and  batter- 
ing-rams were  advanced  up  to  the  walls.  The  townsmen 
defended  themselves  with  great  vigor,  and  at  first  kept 
off  the  enemy  with  missiles,  while  Hannibal  himself, 
ever  the  foremost  in  advancing  to  the  fight,  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  thigh.  In  consequence  of  this,  there 
was  a  cessation  of  arms  for  a  few  days,  while  the  gen- 
eral's wound  8 was  healing,  though  there9  was  no  inter- 
mission of  the  preparations. 

i  A.  &  G.  328.  a.  H.  467.  4.  2  "Suggestions,"  10.  8  A.  &  G. 
248.  H.  419.  III.  *  abounded  in  wealth :  transl.  by  the  superla- 
tive of  the  adjective.  5  ratus.  A.  &  G.  290.  b.  H.  550.  N. 
6  maximi  esse  moment!.  7  Abl.  Abs.  8  What  mood  ?  A.  &  G. 
328.  H.  519.  9  Impersonal  construction. 


LIVY,    BOOK    XXI. 


VII.  — Chaps.  1-12. 

After  the  general's  wound  had  been  healed,1  the  con- 
test began  anew  with  greater  fury.  The  battering-ram 
was  applied  at  a  number  of  points,  2and  the  walls  in 
many  places  were  shattered.  3  Three  towers  in  one 
range,  together  with  the  whole  stretch  of  wall  between 
them,  had  been  battered  down  by  the  engines4;  when, 
5  as  if  the  wall  had  served  for  a  covering  to  both  armies 
alike, 6 besiegers  and  besieged  rushed7  through  the  breach. 
Here  the  fortune  of  war  was  changeful  and  uncertain ; 
8  the  courage  of  both  was  animated  9to  the  highest  pitch  : 
on  the  one  side  by  hope,  on  the  other  by  despair.  The 
townsmen,  finding  that  they  had  succeeded  beyond  ex- 
pectation, and  trusting  to  their  valor,  suddenly  raised10 
a  shout,  rushed10  from  all  parts  into  the  breach,  and 
drove10  the  enemy  off.  There  was  consternation  and 
panic  everywhere,  and  they  fled  in  disorder  to  their 
camps. 

1  What  mood  and  tense  ?  A.  &  G.  324.  H.  518.  2  Note  the 
relation  between  the  members  of  this  sentence.  "  Suggestions," 
3.  §  21.  8  See  preceding  note.  Consult  also  A.  &  G.  325.  b. 
4  tormentum.  6  A.  &  G.  312.  H.  513.  II.  «  "  Suggestions,"  10. 
7  §  16.  8  "  Suggestions,"  10.  9  summe.  10  A.  &  G.  276.  d. 
H.  467.  III. 


LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


VIII.  — Chaps.  1-12. 

At  this  crisis,  it  was  announced  that  ambassadors 
^rom  Rome  had  arrived  2to  represent  the  complaints  of 
the  Saguntines.  3  Hannibal  forthwith  sent  messengers 
to  the  seashore  to  meet  them  4and  to  say  that  he  had  no 
time  to  listen  to  embassies.  At  the  same  time  he  de- 
spatched letters  beforehand  to  Carthage,  knowing  well 
that  the  Roman  ambassadors,  5  being  refused  a  hearing, 
would  go  straight 6  to  Carthage.  7  Hanno  was  the  leader 
of  the  party  opposed  to  the  Barcine  faction,  and  8made 
a  long  speech  9  before  the  senate.  A  few  concurred  in 
opinion  with  Hanno,  who  pleaded  for  the  treaty,  and 
feared  that  this  little  fire  which  Hannibal  was  kindling 
might  some  day  blaze  forth  into  a  mighty  conflagration. 
10  ie  Your  armies,"  said  he,  "  are  besieging  Saguntum, 
which  a  treaty  forbids  you  to  touch ;  before  long  Rome's 
legions  will  be  besieging  Carthage.  That  enemy  has 
been  tested  in  the  first  Punic  war ;  of  Rome's  power  you 
are  not  altogether  ignorant.  The  claims  of  her  envoys 
for  satisfaction  are  in  accordance  with  the  treaty,  and 
I  for  my  part  maintain  that  we  ought  to  grant  what 
they  ask." 

1  I.e.  Roman  ambassadors.  §  9.  2  Render  by  a  rel.  cl.  s  "Sug- 
gestions," 3.  4  and  to  say:  purpose.  5  n5n  admissis.  6  recta. 
A.  &  G.  258.  g.  H.  420.  3.  7  Combine  the  following  two  sentences. 
§  21.  8  longam  drationem  habuit.  9  apud  (or  adversus) 
senatum.  10  Employ  indirect  narration. 


L1VY,   BOOK   XXI. 


IX.  — Chaps.  1-12. 

Meanwhile  Hhe  Carthaginian  general  gave  his  soldiers 
a  few  days' 2  rest,  and  by  a  liberal  distribution  of  money, 
and  by  publicly  proclaiming  that  the  spoils  of  the  cap- 
tured city  should  belong  to  the  soldiers,  kindled  their 
ardor.3  The  Saguntines,  4on  the  other  hand,  wearied  as 
they  were  with  fighting,  worked  night  and  day  without 
cessation5  in  rebuilding  the  city  walls.  6 Hannibal's 
departure  on  an  expedition  against  two  tribes,  who  had 
caused  some  apprehension  of  a  revolt,  had  revived  their 
sinking  spirits  for  a  while.  But  on  his  return 5  an  assault 
fiercer  than  ever,  directed  by  Hannibal  in  person,7  had  to 
be  faced  by  the  citizens.  He  pressed  the  attack  so  vig- 
orously that,  after  great  slaughter  on  both  sides,  part  of 
the  citadel  itself  was  taken.  Much  credit8  was  given  to 
Maharbal,  who  had  been  left  in  command  by  Hannibal, 
had  fought  several  successful  engagements,  and  had  de- 
molished a  good  part  of  the  walls. 

1  "Suggestions,"  10.  2  A.  &  G.  215.  b.  H.  396.  V.  3  §  17. 
*  autem.  A.  &  G.  345.  b.  H.  569.  III.  5  §  1.  6  A.  &  G.  344.  d. 
H.  561. 1.  "  ipse.  8  in  honor c  magno  esse. 


10  LATIN   PliOSE   EXERCISES. 


X.  — Chaps.  1-18. 

*A  few  on  both  sides  still  had  a  little  hope  of  peace, 
and  tried  to  realize  it.  Alorcus,  a  Spaniard,  the  recog- 
nized guest  and  friend  of  the  Saguntines,  offered  to  be 
the  negotiator  of  a  peace.  2He  crossed  the  line,  and  had 
an  interview  before  the  senate.  3"  I  bring,"  4said  he  5at 
the  close  of  a  long  speech,  "  terms  of  a  peace,  inevitable 
rather  than  favorable,  for  everything  belongs  to  the  vic- 
tor. So  long  as  your  strength  held  out,6  or  you  hoped6 
for  aid  from  Rome,  I  never7  mentioned  4 peace  to  you. 
Grievous  and  hard  though  the  terms  are,  yet  I  maintain 
that  it  is  advisable  that  you  should  endure  them  rather 
than  see  your  wives  and  children  seized  and  dragged  into 
slavery.  Listen,8  then,  to  the  terms  Hannibal  grants, 
and  for  my  part  I  do  not  despair  of  some  mitigation  of 
them."  He  gave  them  good  counsel,  but,9  as  often  hap- 
pens, without  winning  any  one  to  his  side.  10  While  he 
was  yet  speaking,  a  report  spread  throughout  the  city 
that  Hannibal  was  making  an  attack  in  full  force,  and 
had  given  a  cruel  order  for  the  massacre  of  all  the  adult 
males. 

1  §  21.  2  Subordinate  by  using  the  participle.  8  Use  indirect 
narration.  *  A.  &  G.  336.  2,  336.  A.  H.  523.  5  at  the  close  of  a 
long  speech:  translated  by  one  word.  6  A.  &  G.  336.  2,  336.  B. 
H.  524.  7  Render  by  nee  unquam.  The  negative  when  Jiphatic 
begins  the  Latin  sentence.  A.  &  G.  345.  d.  H.  569.  IV.  8  A.  &  G. 
339.  H.  523.  II.  9  but  without  winning.  For  the  different  ways 
in  which  without,  followed  by  a  verbal  noun,  is  rendered  in  Latin 
(since  the  preposition  sine  is  never  used  with  the  gerund),  see 
Madvfg,  §  417.  Obs.  3.  Here  a  copulative  conjunction  may  be 
used :  neque  tamen.  10  What  mood  ?  A.  &  G.  327.  H.  520. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI.  11 


XI.  — Chaps.  1-18. 

At  length  the  town  was  taken,  after  an  eight  months' l 
siege.  Though  all 2  of  the  gold  and  silver  belonging  to 
the  state  and  individuals  had  been  collected  and  flung 
into  the  fire  kindled  for  that  purpose,  still  an  immense 
booty  was  taken,  and  the  victorious  army,  laden  with 
spoil,  retired  into  winter  quarters  at  New  Carthage.3 

Hannibal's  object4  had  been  attained5:  6no  longer 
could  war  be  averted.  7The  influence  of  the  Barcine 
faction  was  dominant8  at  home  ;  the  senate  was  devoted 
to  him  ;  and  though  they  listened  to  Hanno  in  a  speech 
more  bitter  than  the  denunciations  of  the  Roman  ambas- 
sadors, it  was  not  with  approval.  The  reply  was  that 
the  war  had  been  begun  by  the  Saguntines,  not  by  Han- 
nibal. 9They  had  first  fomented  disputes  between  the 
neighboring  tribes.  Thus  the  mission  of  the  envoys  to 
Carthage  proved  fruitless.  They  returned  to  Rome 
10  with  the  information  that  everything  tended  to  war. 

1  Translate  in  the  eighth  month  after,  etc.  See  also  A.  &  G. 
143.  a.  H.  297.  1.  2  An  attributive  adjective  belonging  to  several 
nouns  is  generally  expressed  only  once,  and  agrees  with  the  noun 
nearest  to  itself.  H.  439.  1.  8  A.  &  G.  259.  h.  *  Employ  the  verb 
peto.  5  consequor.  Distinguish  consequor,  nanciscor,  adipi- 
scor.  6  "  Suggestions,"  3.  7  §  17.  What  would  naturally  be  the 
subject  in  Latin  ?  8  plurimum  valere.  9  A.  &  G.  336.  2.  a.  1. 
10  I.e.  and  reported. 


12  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


XII.  — Chaps.  1-18. 

When  it  was  reported 1  at  Kqrae  that  Saguntum  had 
fallen,  the  people  were  seized2  with  sorrow  for  the  3loss 
of  their  allies  and  with  shame  for  having  neglected  them. 
The  fathers  were  apprehensive  for  the  4 public  safety; 
but  they  were  so  distracted  by  varied  emotions  at  the 
same  time  that  there  was  more  confusion  than  counsel 
among  them.  All  were  of  opinion,  however,  that  the 
war  should  be  at  once  carried  on  by  land  and  sea,  "and 
that  most  vigorously.  6The  provinces  were  assigned  to 
the  consuls  of  the  year.  Spain  fell  to  the  lot  of  Cor- 
nelius, Africa  to  Sempronius.  The  forces  were  divided 
between  the  consuls :  of  Eomans  and  allies  there  were 
enrolled  7 64,000  infantry  and  76200  cavalry.  The  foe 
they  had  to  encounter  was  more  warlike  than  any  previ- 
ous one.  For  twenty-three  years  the  Carthaginian  army 
had  been  trained  under  a  determined  and  indefatigable 
leader,  and  had  been  uniformly  successful  in  8 campaigns 
of  severest  fighting  in  Spain. 

1  A.  &  G.  330.  a.  b.  H.  534.  1.  2  §  16.  3  I.e.  for  their  allies  lost. 
A.  &  G.  217,  292.  a.  H.  396.  III.,  549.  5.  N.  2.  §  19.  *  Sunima 
rerum  denotes  general  welfare,  public  safety,  general  interest, 
existence  of  the  state.  What  construction  may  summa  take  here  ? 
A.  &  G.  217.  c.  H.  396.  III.  N.  8  and  that :  omit  in  translation 
and  express  their  force  by  the  arrangement  of  words.  6  Combine 
this  sentence  with  the  following  by  using  one  predicate.  7  A.  &  G. 
94.  e.  H.  178.  If  there  is  added  to  the  thousands  a  lower  declina- 
ble number,  then  the  objects  numbered,  if  they  are  placed  after, 
stand  in  the  same  case  as  in  Ilia :  e.g.  tria  inllia  (et)  trecentl 
milites  caesl  sunt ;  otherwise  in  the  genitive  pi.  ;  as,  tria  milia 
in  1 1  it  11  in  et  trecenti  caesi  sunt ;  or,  caesa  sunt  mil  it  um  tria 
milia  trecenti.  8  militia. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI.  13 


XIII.  — Chaps.  1-18. 

Yet  war  was  not  Jat  once  declared.  The  question  was 
submitted  to  the  people,  whether2  they  wished  that  a 
second3  embassy  be  sent  to  Carthage  4to  find  out  whether2 
Hannibal  had  attacked  Saguutum  by  order  of  the  state 
or  5had  laid  siege  to  it  of  his  own  accord.  To  the  Bornan 
envoys,  when  admitted  to  an  audience,  this  reply  was 
given : 6  "  The  question  ought  not  to  be  whether  the  state. 
or  a  private  individual  was  responsible  for  the  attack 
upon  Saguntum,  but  whether  the  attack  was  just  or 
unjust.  The  treaty  with  Rome  has  in  no  way  been  vio- 
lated, for  in  that  treaty  no  provision  was  made  for  Sagun- 
tum. Moreover,  the  Carthaginians  ought  certainly  not 
to  be  bound  by  the  treaty  of  Hasdrubal,  which  he  made 
without  their  consent.  Did  not  your  senate  say  that  you 
could  not  accept  the  treaty  which  Caius  Lutatius,  your 
consul,  first  made  with  us,  because  it  was  made  without 
your  full  sanction  and  consent  ?  " 

7  Thereupon  the  Eoman  gathered  his  robe  into  a  fold, 
and  said  :  "  Here  we  bring  peace  or  jvar :  take  which  you 
please."  Amid  loud  and  universal  acclamation,  instantly 
came  the  reply :  "  Give  which  you  please."  The  Roman 
shook  out  his  fold  and  spoke  again :  "  I  give  you  war." 

1  at  once :  protinus.  2  A.  &  G.  211,  334.  H.  353,  529.  8  Em- 
ploy the  adverb.  *  A.  &  G.  318.  6  "  Suggestions,"  10.  6  Use 
indirect  narration.  A.  &  G.  336,  338.  H.  523,  524,  529.  'Commit 
to  memory  in  Latin  Livy's  description  of  this  scene. 


14  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


XIV.  — Chaps.  1-2O. 

When  the  war  was  finished  in  Africa,1  the  Romans 
fraudulently  seized  Sardinia,  and  imposed  a  war  tribute 
on  Carthage.  About  the  same  time  the  loss  of  Sicily 
sorely2  vexed3  a  high-spirited4  people,  and5  the  Cartha- 
ginians determined  on  war.  First  they  attacked  Rome's6 
allies  in  Spain,7  who  vigorously  undertook  their  own 
.defence  in  the  hope  of  aid  from  Rome.7  But  in  vain 8 ; 
their  chief  city  fell  after  a  siege9  of  eight  months,10  and 
orders  were  given  for  the  massacre11  of  all  the  adult 
males.  Terror-stricken  by  this12  calamity,13  the  neigh- 
boring tribes  submitted,  believing  that  they  had  been 
cruelly  betrayed  by  their  Roman  allies,13  and  that  they 
could  no  longer  trust  to  Roman  faith.  Mingled  shame 
and  fear11  took  possession  of  the  hearts  of  the  Romans  ; 
war  was  forthwith  declared  and  troops  levied;  while 
ambassadors  were  sent  to  visit  the  states  in  Spain  to 
win  them  over  to  an  alliance  with  Rome.7  Save  that 
they  were  received  and  heard,  no  friendly  answer  was 
received,  until M  they  came  to  Marseilles.  With  the  in- 
formation there  acquired,  the  envoys  returned  home, 
where  they  found  the  whole  city  excited  by  its  anticipa- 
tions of  war. 

1 1.e.  African  war.  §  9.  2  sorely :  the  force  of  the  English 
adverb  is  often  contained  in  the  verbal  idea.  3  A.  &  G,  344.  d. 
H.  561. 1.  *  A.  &  G.  215.  H.  396.  V.  5  Note  the  force  of  the  con- 
nective here.  "  Suggestions,"  3.  6  I.e.  allies  of  the  Roman  people. 
§  17.  7  Phrases  formed  with  prepositions  are  used  in  Latin  chiefly 
as  adverbial  equivalents  ;  rarely  as  adjective  equivalents.  8  Distin- 
guish between  fmstra  and  nee  quicquam.  9  Employ  the  verb 
oppugnari.  §  1.  Consult  also  A.  &  G.  143.  a.  H.  297.  t.  10  §  21. 
11  §  1.  12  §  14.  "  A.  &  G.  209.  b.  H.  569.  IV.  1.  u  A.  &  G. 
262,  327.  H.  520. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI.  15 


XV.  —  Chaps.  19-25. 

[Before  writing  this  exercise,  turn  Hannibal's  Vision,  ch.  22,  into 
Direct  Discourse,  and  commit  to  memory.  Study  in  connection,  A.  & 
G.  336-342  ;  H.  523-529.] 


Carthage,  the  embassy  passed  over  to  Spain 
and  Gaul,  2to  attempt  to  win  them  over  to  an  alliance 
with  Borne.  After  making  a  circuit  of  both  states 
3  without  effecting  anything,  they  returned  to  Rome. 
The  Eoman  request,4  that  the  Gauls  should  refuse  the 
right  of  way  through  their  territory,  3if  the  Carthagin- 
ian6 tried7  to  invade  Italy,  was  greeted  with  laughter 
and  a  general  cry  of  displeasiire.  8  Never  had  they 
received  any  kindness  from  Rome  9  ;  on  the  contrary, 
heavy  tributes  had  been  imposed  upon  them,  and  10they 
had  been  subjected  to  indignities4  of  every  kind.  Why, 
then,  should  they  be  so  foolish  as  to  turn  the  war  upon 
themselves,  "instead  of  allowing  it  to  pass  into  Italy, 
and  expose  their  own  lands  12to  devastation  instead  of 
those  of  strangers  ?  Their  unfavorable  reception4  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  ruins  of  Saguntum  was  a  mel- 
ancholy and  forcible  warning  to  the  states  of  Spain;  and 
that  the  minds  of  the  Gauls  were  already  prepossessed 
in  favor  of  Hannibal,  and  that  the  attachment  of  many 
of  their  chiefs  had  been  secured  through  gold. 

1  §§  21,  22,  23.  2  A.  &  G.  317.  H.  497.  8  See  Ex.  X.  N.  9. 
*§1.  6  A.  &  G.  276.  b,  292.  H.  549.  2.  «"  Suggestions,"  10.  7  §  3. 
8  Indirect  Narration.  9  §  17.  10  Turn,  '  they  had  suffered  every 
indignity.'  n  Eender  by  a  negative  purpose  clause.  12  A.  &  G. 
294.  d.  H.  544.  2.  N.  2. 


16  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


XVI.— Chaps.  19-25. 

As  we  have  before  remarked,  Hannibal,  1  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Saguntum,  had  retired  into  winter  quarters  at 
New  Carthage.  He  also  gave  leave  of  absence  to  his 
Spanish  soldiers  to  return  home  to  visit  their  friends,2 
if  they  chose,  since  they  might  soon  be  called  to  service 
far  away  from  their  homes. 

3  Early  in  the  spring,  Hannibal  4  broke  up  his  camp, 
and  led  his  men  "along  the  coast,  as  far  as  the  Ebro. 
For  the  protection  of  Spain,  12,000  infantry,  1500  cav- 
alry, and  nearly  half  the  elephants  were  left  behind : 
6  the  chief  command  and  the  government  of  Spain  being 
intrusted  to  Hannibal's  younger7  brother  Hasdrubal. 
With  the  main8  army  he  determined  to  invade  Italy, 
and  crossed  the  Ebro.  Arrived  at  the  Pyrenees,  Hanni- 
bal sent  home  a  portion  of  his  troops,  whom  he  perceived 
weary  of  the  service,  and  he  hoped  thereby  to  inspire 
his  army  with  greater  confidence,  even  pretending  that 
the  Carpetani,  who  had  left  him,  had  been  dismissed  by 
his  own  act.  He  then  crossed  the  Pyrenees  with  50,000 
infantry  and  9000  cavalry. 

1  Abl.  Abs.  2  Omit  friends.  A.  &  G.  197.  d.  H.  441.  8  A.  &  G. 
193.  H.  440.  N.  1.  *  to  break  up  camp:  castra  movere.  What 
construction  here  ?  5  What  case  ?  A.  &  G.  258.  g.  H.  420.  1.  3). 
6  Render  to  Hasdrubal  as  commander-in-chief,  etc.  7  A.  &  G.  91.  c., 
253.  8  Consult  Lat.-Eng.  Diet,  under  summa. 


LIVY,   BOOK   XXI.  17 

XVII. -Chaps.  26-32. 

PASSAGE   OF    THE   RHONE. 

1  At  the  end  of  July,  B.C.  218,  the  Carthaginian  army 
arrived  at  the  Ehone,  where  Hannibal  found 2  the  further 
bank  occupied  by  the  armed  Volcae.  3A11  the  other 
tribes  he  had  bribed  into  submission.  4  While  rafts  were 
being  constructed  for  use  on  the  spot  and  others  col- 
lected from  all  sides,  Hanno,  son  of  Bomilcar,  with  part 
of  the  army  proceeded  up  the  stream.  When  a  suitable 
point  was  reached,  they  crossed  the  river  in  hastily  con- 
structed boats,  with  a  view  of  taking  the  Gauls  in  the 
rear.  On  the  following  day  the  smoke-signals  showed 
that  they  had  succeeded  in  crossing;  5and  seeing  these, 
Hannibal  gave  the  order  to  advance.  4  While  the  Gauls 
were  engaged  in  a  terrible  conflict  on  the  shore,  Hanno 
had  taken  their  camp,  and  was  now  pressing  them  on 
their  rear.  Beset6  on  either  side  with  peril,  they  fled  in 
confusion  to  their  villages.  Scipio,  who  had  been  de- 
spatched from  Koine  with  sixty  ships  of  war,  encamped 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  while  a  picked  body  of  cav- 
alry might  reconnoitre  the  country.  But  finding  that 
Hannibal  was  already  too  far  ahead  to  be  easily  over- 
taken, he  returned  to  Genua,7to  encounter  Hannibal,  8on 
his  descent  from  the  Alps. 

1  Extreme  mense  lulio.     2  Distinguish  invenire  and  reperire. 

8  Combine  with  the  preceding.  §  21.  *  A.  &  G.  276.  e.  H.  467.  4. 
5  A.  &  G.  180.  f.  H.  453.  §  14.  <*  circumvenio.  7  A.  &  G. 
293  b,  318.  d.  H.  549.  3.  8  I.e.  descending.  A.  &  G.  292.  H.  549. 1. 


18  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 

XVIII.  —  Chaps.  31-38. 

PASSAGE  OF  THE  ALPS. 

(a)  Hannibal  continued  his  march  up  the  bank  of  the 
river  and  to  the  passes  of  the  Alps  without  any  molesta- 
tion from  the  inhabitants  of  these  regions.  On  the 
fourth  day,  he  arrived  among  the  Allobroges,  who  inhab- 
ited a  plain  called  the  "  Island,"  between  the  Rhone  and 
Isere.  Here  he  dextrously 1  availed2  himself  of  a  feud 
that  had  3  broken  out  between  two  brothers,  who  were 
contending  for  the  throne,  to  4  render  assistance  to  the 
elder,  who  on  this  account  supplied  him  with  provisions, 
arms,  and  clothing.  5  When  the  army  reached  the  foot  of 
the  Alps,  scenes  too  horrible  to  describe  revived  their 
terror ;  and  the  expedition  narrowly  escaped  destruction 
at  the  crossing  of  the  first  Alpine  pass  and  one  of  the 
narrowest.  6  The  natives  had  strongly  beset  the  pass ; 
and  as  the  vanguard  was  struggling  up  the  lower  heights, 
they  suddenly  rushed  out  to  the  attack.  Hannibal 
ordered  a  halt,  and  encamped7  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain,8 until  after  sunset,  when  the  Celts  dispersed9  to  their 
various  homes.  Then  taking  with  him  brave 10  and  picked 
men  he  seized  the  heights  in  the  night. 

1  callide.     2  avail  one's  self  of:    utor.     3  exorior.     *  subve- 

nio.  5  §  16.  6  How  connected  with  the  preceding  sentence  ? 
'  at  the  foot  of:  sub.  8  A.  &  G.  328.  H.  519.  9  Mood  and  tense  ? 
w  §  15. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI.  19 

(6)  At  length,  on  the  ninth  day,  the  summit  was 
gained.1  The  soldiers  were  now  wellnigh  2worn  out  by 
the  incessant3  attacks  of  the  mountaineers,  and  here 
they  were  allowed  to  rest.  On  the  second  day,  however, 
they  broke  up  camp  and  began  to  advance.  But  the  de- 
scent was  much  more  difficult  than  the  ascent  had  been, 
for  the  path  was  extremely  steep,  and  the  men  could 
scarcely  keep  themselves  from  falling  on  the  smooth  and 
slippery  ice :  men  and  beasts  oft  were  precipitated  into 
the  chasms.  And  now  when  all  were  exhausted  by  cease- 
less exertion,  and  despair  was  visibly  written  4on  every 
face,  they  pitched  their  camp  on  a  mountain  height, 
which  commanded  a  wide  and  distant  view 5  of  the  plains 
around  the  Po,  of  valleys  and  sunny  hills,  too,  fit6  to  be 
the  habitations  of  men.  7  In  the  next  three  days,  they 
reached  level  ground.  The  passage  of  the  Alps  had  con- 
sumed fifteen  days.  It  is  not  known  how  large  a  force 
Hannibal  had  when  he  arrived  in  Italy.  The  statement8 
in  the  speech  of  Scipio  that  he  had  lost  two-thirds  of  his 
cavalry  and  infantry  with  which  he  crossed  the  Ebro  is 
without  doubt9  an  exaggeration.10 

i  §  16.  A.  &  G.  146.  d.  H.  301.  1.  2  See  Ex.  II.  N.  1.  «  assi- 
diius  or  continuus.  4  Employ  emineo,  or  change  the  form  of 
expression :  all  had  come  to  the  height  of  despair.  8  §  1.  6  Ido- 
neus.  A.  &  G.  234.  b.  H.  391.  I.  II.  ?  A.  &  G.  259.  c.  H.  429. 
8  §  1.  9  Best  expressed  also  by  a  verb :  dubitari  non  potest. 
A.  &  G.  332.  g.  H.  604.  3.  2).  M  maius  vero. 


20  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


XIX. 

[Before  doing  this  exercise,  study  carefully  Chaps.  40  and  41,  read- 
ing them  in  Indirect  Narration.  Study  in  connection,  A.  &  G.  33(i-342; 
H.  523-529.] 

The  two  armies  met  in  the  plain  between  the  Ticino 
and  the  Sesia ;  and  Scipio,  *  before  leading  his  men  into 
action,  encouraged  his  soldiers  by  telling  them  that  they 
were  about  to  engage  an  enemy  previously  defeated  and 
exhausted  by  their  late2  sufferings.3  Two-thirds  of  their 
infantry  had  been  lost  in  the  passage  over  the  Alps, 
while  the  condition  4  of  the  survivors  was  indescribably 
wretched.5  6"  But  why,"  said  he,  "  do  I  mention7  these 
things  ?  The  nature  of  the  war  is  such  that  it  ought 
especially  to  arouse  and  inflame  your  minds.  We  call8 
gods  and  men  to  witness  that  we  have  taken  up  arms 
that  our  persons  may  be  safe  from  wrong.  9At  stake, 
too,  is  the  safety  of  our  friends  and  allies.  Eome  and 
the  whole  of  Italy  are  compelled  by  the  magnitude  of 
the  danger  to  10look  for  your  aid.  The  gods  themselves, 
who  have  been  grievously  wronged,  will  fitly  punish  the 
perfidious  race.  This  is  the  same  foe  that  you  lately 
conquered  by  sea  and  land,  "  who  sued  for  peace,  which 
you  granted,  and  which  now  they  have  broken  by  12this 
unprovoked  attack." 

1  A.  &.  G.  327.  H.  520.  2  recens.  3  calamitas.  *  §  17. 
6  Express  by  a  verb,  as,  supra  quam  enarrari  possit.  6  Em- 
ploy Indirect  Narration.  7  A.  &  G.  338.  H.  523.  II.  « testari. 
9  to  be  at  stake  is  agi.  10  exspectare.  u  Combine  the  two  rel. 
clauses.  12  Qltro. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI.  21 

XX.  — Chaps.  39,  45,  46. 

CONFLICT  ON  THE  TICINUS. 

Though  Hannibal  had  left  Scipio  in  Gaul,  he  was  now 
confronted  by  the  same  Roman  commander,  Jas  he  de- 
scended into  Italy.  Scipio  had  already  crossed  the  Fo, 
and  moved  his  camp  to  the  river  Ticinus,  so  that  the  two 
armies  were  in  sight  of  each  other.  After  words  of  en- 
couragement on  the  part  of  the  leaders,  botli  sides  2  pre- 
pared for  battle.  The  Romans,  however,  did  not  display 
the  same  eagerness  as  the  Carthaginians.  3  Scipio  was  a 
new  commander  over  raw  recruits,  who  were,  moreover, 
dismayed  by  recent  portents.  Hannibal  saw  around  him 
a  veteran  army,  that  had  marched  victorious  from  the 
Pillars  of  Hercules.  On  their  right  and  on  their  left  the 
Carthaginians  were  shut  4in  by  two  seas,5  behind6  hung4 
over  them  the  Alps,  before 6  them  the  enemy :  they  must 
conquer  or  die.  7If  victorious,  there  would  be  an  ample 
recompense  —  8all  the  accumulated  fruits  of  Rome's 
many  triumphs.  A  battle  was  fought,  and  the  Romans 
were  defeated.  Scipio  himself  was  wounded,  and  would 
have  been  slain,9  if  he  had  not  been  rescued9  by  the 
intervention  of  his  son,  who  afterwards  won  the  glory  of 
10  finishing  the  war. 

1  See  Ex.  XVII.  N.  8.  2  Use  the  impers.  const.  8  "  Sugges- 
tions," 3.  *  What  tense?  A.  &  G.  277.  a.  H.  469.  5  §  16. 
6  A.  &  G.  260.  b.  H.  434.  I.  ?  I.e.  to  them  victorious.  8  "  Sug- 
gestions," 10.  9  A.  &  G.  308.  H.  510.  10  I.e.  of  the  war  finished. 
§19. 


22  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 

XXI.  — Chaps.  48,  52-56. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  TREBIA. 

^cipio,  2  finding  that  the  open  plains  were  not  a  suit- 
able battle-field  for  the  Romans,  on  account  of  the  supe- 
riority of  the  Carthaginian  cavalry,  hastened  across  the  • 
Po  to  Placentia.  3  Occupying  a  strong  position  there,  he 
waited  until  4his  colleague  arrived  from  Sicily.  Sempro- 
nius  had  already  sent  his  troops  to  Ariminum ;  thence 
he  marched  to  the  Trebia,  where  he  effected5  a  junction 5 
with  Scipio.  Hannibal  was  eager  to  force  the  battle 
while  the  better  of  the  Roman  generals  was  disabled6  by 
a  wound,  and  resolved  to  lure  the  impetuous  and  head- 
strong Sempronius  to  an  engagement.  7By  ordering  the 
Numidian  cavalry  to  cross  the  Trebia  and  discharge  mis- 
siles at  the  sentries,  and  then  to  retreat  gradually,  he 
drew  the  Roman  army  after  him  across  the  river.  It 
was  Howards  midwinter,  and  the  day  was  cold,  and  snow 
filled  the  air.  The  Romans,  pursuing  the  retreating  Nu- 
midians,  had  to  wade  breast-deep  through  the  icy 4  stream, 
as  the  piercing  sleet  blew  in  their  faces.  9The  men, 
numbed  with  cold,  tired  and  hungry,  for  they  had 
marched  hurriedly  out  10  without  their  breakfast,  were 
obliged  to  face  the  Carthaginians,  who  had  made  their 
limbs  supple  with  oil,  and  leisurely  enjoyed  their  morn- 
ing meal.  In  the  battle  that  followed,  the  Romans  met 
with  a  crushing  defeat. 

i  §§  22,  23.  2  §  7.  8  Abl.  Abs.  *  What  mood  ?  A.  &  G.  328. 
H.  519.  5  §  1.  6  §  16.  7  Turn  "  He  ordered  the  cavalry,  having 
crossed,  etc.,  to  discharge  missiles,  and  then  by  retreating,  to 
draw."  8  brumae  tempus,  or  sub  bruina.  9  §§  21,  22,  23. 
10  Abl.  Abs. 


LIVY,    BOOK   XXI.  23 


XXII. 

At  daybreak  came  news  that l  the  enemy  was  encamped 
not  more 2  than  ten  miles  off.3  The  commander-in-chief 
then  called  a  halt  and  held  a  review  of  his  troops.  He 
likewise  sent  off  some 4  messengers  with  a  letter  asking5 
for  immediate  reinforcements.6  When  these  had  arrived 
orders  were  given  to  march  along  the  sea-shore,  and  in 
three  days  they  came  in  sight  of  the  enemy.  At  once 
the  general  proceeded7  to  8draw  up  his  army  in  battle- 
array,  as  the  nature  of  the  place  allowed,  on  the  site  of 
a  plundered  and  half-ruined9  city.  A  council  of  his  staff- 
officers  10  was  called,  and  it  was  decided  where  each  one 
should  direct11  his  operations.  Afterwards  he  called 
his  soldiers  together  and  made  a  brief  harangue.  12"I 
do  not  think  it  worth  while,"  said  he  in  closing,13  "to 
address  you  longer,  nor  to  recount  the  glorious  exploits 
of  yourselves  and  your  ancestors  in  the  past ;  for  I  hold 14 
it  as  a  thing  well  ascertained  that  an  army  does  not  be- 
come energetic15  instead  of  16  slothful,  or  brave  instead  of 
cowardly,  by  the  speech  of  its  commander.  I  need  not 
remind  you  that  the  senate  tried  every  expedient  to 
maintain  the  peace  that  the  state  might  be  free  from 
guilt,  and  that  the  sword  was  not  drawn  till  the  enemy 
had  already  invaded  our  territory,  and  committed  shock- 
ing depredations  without  resistance." 

!§1.  2  A.  &  G.  247.  c.  H.417.  N.2.  «  If  the  place  from  which 
the  distance  is  reckoned  is  not  specified,  a  or  ab  used  adverbially 
in  the  sense  '  off '  may  accompany  the  ablative.  H.  379.  2.  N. 
*  Not  necessary  to  the  sense.  5  Purpose.  6  auxilium.  7  §  4. 
8  Instruere  aciem.  9  semirutus.  10  legati.  u  euro.  A.  &  G. 
294.  d.  H.  544.  N.  2.  12  Employ  Ind.  Nar.  13  perorans.  14  com- 
pertum  habeo.  A.  &  G.  292.  c.  15  strenuus.  16  pro. 


24  LATIN   PROSE  EXERCISES. 


XXIII. 

When  at  the  beginning  of  534,1  he  2  fell  by  the  hands 
of  an  assassin,  the  Carthaginian  officers  of  the  Spanish 
army  summoned  to  fill  his  place  Hannibal,  the  eldest  son 
of  Hamilcar.  He  was  still  a  young  man,  —  born  in  505,1 
—  and  now,  therefore,  in  his  twenty-ninth  year ;  but  his 
life3  had  already  been  fraught  with  varied  experience. 
While  still  a  boy,4  he  had  followed  his  father  to  the 
camp;  and  he  soon  distinguished  himself.  His  light 
and  firmly  built5  frame  made  him  an  excellent  runner 
and  boxer,  and  a  fearless  rider;  the  6 privation  of  sleep 
did  not  affect  him,  and  he  knew  like  a  soldier  how  to 
enjoy  or  to  want  his  food.  Although  his  youth  had 
been  spent  in  the  camp,  he  possessed7  such  culture8  as 
was  bestowed  on  the  noble  Phoenicians  of  his  time  :  in 
Greek,  apparently  after  he  had  become  a  general,  he 
made  such  progress9  under  the  guidance  of  his  intimate 
friend  Sosilus  of  Sparta  as  to  be  able  to  compose  state 
papers10  in  that  language.  Thereafter,  he  had  com- 
manded the  cavalry  under  his  sister's  husband,  Hasdru- 
bal,  and  distinguished  himself  by  brilliant  personal  brav- 
ery as  well  as  by  his  talents  as  a  leader.  —  MOMMSEN. 

1  I.e.  according  to  the  Roman  method  of  reckoning.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  year  was  variously  expressed  in  Latin :  anno 
ineu'nte,  incipiente ;  anni  initio,  principle,  exordio.  2  ob- 
trunci,  assassinate;  or,  insidiis  interfici.  3  §  17.  *  A.  &  G. 
184.  H.  363.  2.  2).  5  compactum  ac  firmum.  6  vigiliae. 
7  A.  &  G.  231.  R.  In  with  esse,  however,  must  be  used  to  denote 
the  possession  of  some  quality  or  characteristic.  8  cultus  animi. 
9  to  make  progress  in  anything :  proflcere  in  aliqua  re.  10  lit- 
terae  publicae. 


LIVY,  BOOK  XXI.  25 


XXIV. 

The  voice  of  his  comrades  now  summoned  him  —  their 
tried,  although  youthful  general  —  to  the  chief  command, 
and  he  could  now  execute  the  designs  for  which  his 
father  and  his  brother-in-law  had  lived  and  died.  He 
took  possession  of  the  inheritance,1  and  he  was  worthy  of 
it.  His  contemporaries 2  tried 3  to  cast  stains 4  of  all  sorts 
on  his  character :  the  Romans  charged  him  with  cruelty, 
the  Carthaginians  with  covetousness  ;  and  it  is  true  that 
he  hated  as  only  Oriental  natures 5  know  how  to  hate,  and 
that  a  general  who  never  6  fell  short  of  money  and  stores 
can  hardly  have  been  7 other  than  covetous.  Neverthe- 
less, though  anger  and  envy  and  meanness  have  written 
his  history,  they  have  not  been  able  to  mar 8  the  pure  and 
noble  image9  which  it  presents.  Every  page  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  times  attests  his  genius 10  as  a  general.  The 
power  which  he  wielded  over  men  is  shown  by  his  incom- 
parable control  over  an  army  of  various  nations  and  many 
tongues,  —  an  army  which  never  in  the  worst  times  muti- 
nied11 against  him.  He  was  a  great  man;  wherever  he 
went  he  riveted  the  eyes  of  all.  —  MOMMSEN. 

1  to  enter  on  the  possession  of  an  inheritance :  hereditatem 
adire.  2  homines  illorum  temporum.  3  A.  &  G.  277.  c.  H.  469. 
2.  1.  §  4.  *  to  stain  a  person's  reputation  is  de  fama  alicuius 
detrahere,  or  alicui  infamiam  afferre.  5  §  17.  6  desuni. 
7  alius  atque.  A.  &  G.  247.  d.  H.  459. 2.  8  clef  or  mo.  9  species. 
10  "Suggestions,"  9.  u  to  mutiny:  facere,  movere  seditionem. 


26  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 


XXV. 

Scipio  meanwhile  held  councils l  of  war  in  Massilia  as 
to  the  proper  mode  of  occupying  the  ferries  of  the  Rhone, 
and  was  not  induced  to  move  even  by  the  urgent  mes- 
sages that  came  from  the  leaders  of  the  Celts.  He  dis- 
trusted their  accounts,  and  he  2  contented  himself  with 
detaching  a  weak  Roman  cavalry  division  to  reconnoitre 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ehone.  This  detachment  found  the 
whole  enemy's  army  already  transported  to  that  bank, 
and  occupied  in  bringing  over  the  elephants,  which  alone 
remained  on  the  right  bank  of  the  stream ;  and,  after  it 
had  warmly  engaged  some  Carthaginian  squadrons  in  the 
district  of  Avignon3  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  it  to 
complete  its  reconnaissance,  —  the  first  encounter  of  the 
Romans  and  Carthaginians  in  this  war,  —  it  hastily  re- 
turned to  report  at  headquarters.  Scipio  now  started  in 
utmost  haste  for  Avignon ;  but  when  he  arrived  there, 
even  the  Carthaginian  cavalry  that  had  been  left  behind 
to  cover  the  passage  of  the  elephants  had  already  taken 
its  departure  three  days  ago,  and  nothing  remained  for 
the  consul  but  to  return  with  weary  troops  and  little 
credit  to  Massilia,  and  to  revile  the  "  cowardly  flight "  of 
the  Carthaginians.  —  MOMMSEN. 

1  to  hold  a  council  of  war :  consilium  niilitare  habere.  2  to 
be  contented:  satis  habere  (foil,  by  infin.).  3  Latin:  Avenio 
(-onis). 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES. 

XXVI. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  II.  10.] 
ROMAN  HEROISM  :   HORATIUS  COCLES. 

And  as 1  the  Etruscans  approached,  they  took  the  hill 
Janiculum,  and  drove  the  Romans  back  over  the  wooden 
bridge2  into  the  city.  Then  the  Romans  were  seized3 
with  great4  fear;  and  they  did  not 5 venture  to  oppose 
the  enemy,  and  to  defend  the  entrance  of  the  bridge,  but 
they  fled  across  the  bridge  back  into  the  city.  When 
Horatius,  who  was  surnamed  6  Codes,  saw  this,  he  placed 
himself  opposite  to  the  enemy  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bridge,  and  two  warriors,  who  were  called  Larcius  and 
Herminius,  stayed  with  him.  These  three  men  stirred 
not  from  the  place,  but  fought  alone  with  the  whole 
army  of  the  Etruscans,  and  held  their  position  while  the 
Romans  pulled  down  the  bridge  behind  them.  7And 
when  only  a  few  planks  were  left,  Larcius  and  Her- 
minius hurried  back,  but  Horatius  would 8  not  move  until 
9  the  bridge  was  broken  down  and  fell  into  the  river. 
Then  he  turned  round,  and  with  his  arms  upon  him,  just 
as  he  was,  sprang  into  the  Tiber10  and  swam  back  to 
Rome  unhurt.  —  IHNE. 

1  cum :  A.  &  G.  325.  H.  521.  2  Pons  Sublicius.  3  §  16.  *  H. 
661.  III.  5  In  Latin  the  tendency  is  to  combine  the  negative  in  a 
sentence  with  the  connective.  8  231.  b.  H.  387.  N.  1.  7  Abl.  Abs. 
8§5.  9A.&G.328.  H.387.N.1.  w  A.  &G.  56.  a.  1.  H.62.  II.  2. 

27 


28  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES. 


XXVII. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  II.  39,  40.] 
MARCH  OF  THE  VOLSCIANS  TOWARDS  ROME. 


(a)  The  Volscians  at  last  advanced  to  Home,  and 
encamping1  near2  the  Tossa  Cluilia,  five  miles  from  the 
town,  they  laid  waste  the  lands  of  the  plebeians  round 
about.  Then  the  Romans  were  seized  with  despair,  and 
scarcely  retaining  courage  to  defend  the  walls  of  the 
town,  did  not  dare  to  advance  against  the  Volscians,  or 
fight  them  in  the  field.  They  looked  for  deliverance3 
from  the  mercy  and  generosity 4  of  their  conquerors,  and 
sent  the  principal  senators  5as  ambassadors  to  Coriolanus, 
to  sue  for  peace.  But  Coriolanus  answered  that,  unless 
the  Romans  should  restore  to  the  Volscians  all  the  con- 
quered towns, 6  peace  could  not  be  thought  of.  When  the 
same  ambassadors  came  a  second  time,7  to  ask  for  more 
favorable  conditions,  Coriolanus  would  not  even  see 
them.  Thereupon  the  chief  priests  appeared  in  their 
festive  robes,  and  with  the  sacred  signs  of  their  office, 
and  tried  to  calm8  the  anger  of  Coriolanus.  But  they 
strove  in  vainA  At  last  the  noblest  Roman  matrons  came 
to  Veturia,  the  mother  of  Coriolanus,  and  to  Volumnia, 
his  wife,  and  persuaded  them9  to  accompany  them9  to 
the  enemy's  camp,  and  with  their  prayers  and  tears  to 
save  the  town.  —  IHNE. 

1  Remember  that  the  English  (but  not  the  Latin)  pres.  part,  is 
often  used  loosely  with  completed  sense.  §  7.  2  A.  &  G.  153. 
8  §  1.  4  benignitas.  5  If  '  as '  signifies  '  in  the  capacity  of,'  it  is 
not  to  be  translated,  and  the  title  or  function  is  to  be  placed  in 
apposition  to  the  subject.  6  to  discuss  terms  of  peace :  agere  de 
pace.  7  See  Ex.  V.  N.  10.  8  sedare.  9  How  distinguished  in  Latin  ? 


PAEALLEL   PASSAGES.  29 

(&)  Now  when l  the  procession 2  of  Roman  matrons 
approached  the  Volscian  camp,  and  Coriolanus  recognized 3 
his  mother,  his  wife,  and  his  little  children,  his  heart 
softened,  and  he  heard  the  entreaties  of  the  matrons,  fell 
on  the  neck  of  his  mother  and  of  his  beloved  wife,  and 
granted  their  request.  He  immediately  led  the  army  of 
the  Volscians  away  from  Rome,  and  gave  back  all  the 
conquered  towns.  But  he  never  returned  to  Rome,  be- 
cause he  had  been  banished  by  the  people. 

As  a  punishment  for  this  treachery,  which  the  Volsci- 
ans, as  it  appears,  were  obliged  to  submit  to,4  they  were 
reported  to  have  cruelly5  murdered6  Coriolanus  at  the 
end  of  the  campaign.7  Yet  another,  and  probably  older, 
form  of  the  legend8  says  nothing  of  this  revenge,  but 
allows  him  to  attain9  a  great  age  among  the  Volscians, 
and  to  lament  his  banishment  from  his  fatherland.  The 
simple-minded 10  old  annalist  saw  nothing  unnatural11  in 
the  fact  that  a  Roman  exile  should  restore  to  the  Romans 
towns  conquered  by  the  military  strength  of  the  Vol- 
scians. —  IHNE. 

1  A.  &  G.  324.  H.  518.  2  agtnen  :  or  an  impersonal  construction 
may  be  employed.  §§  1,  16.  3  agnosco :  distinguish  between 
agnosco  and  cognosce.  *  subeo.  5  See  Ex.  XIV.  N.  2.  6  Dis- 
tinguish between  interficere,  caedere,  necare,  trncidare,  lugu- 
lare.  7  bellum  or  stipendium.  8  fabula.  9  Distinguish  between 
consequi  (to  attain  by  exertion),  nancisci  (by  change),  adlpisci 
(by  good  fortune},  Impetrare  (through  asking).  10  credulus. 
11  Translate  by  a  phrase. 


30  LATIN   PROSE  EXERCISES. 

XXVIII. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  II.  48,  49,  50.] 
THE  PATRIOTISM  OF  THE  FABII. 

The  Veientines  kept1  Rome2  in  a  continual  state  of 
alarm  by  constant  invasions,  driving  away  the  flocks  and 
destroying  the  crops.  In  order  to  protect  the  community 
from  such  annoyances,  the  noble  house  of  the  Fabii 
offered  to  undertake  the  war  themselves.  The  consul, 
Kaeso  Fabius,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  his  kindred ; 
with  306  men  of  patrician  rank  he  left  the  town,  3  fol- 
lowed by  the  blessings  and  good  wishes  of  the  admiring 
people.  He  erected  a  fortified  camp  in  the  territory  of 
the  Veientines,  not  far  from  the  chief  town  of  Veii,  on 
the  river  Cremera.  From  this  spot  the  Fabii  made  the 
territory  of  the  Veientines  insecure,4  and  at  the  same 
time  kept  the  enemy  from  attacking  Rome.  But  the 
Veientines  enticed  them  out  of  their  fortress  into  an 
ambush,  and  attacked  them  from  all  sides  with  over- 
whelming force.  Not  one  of  the  valiant  band  escaped. 
The  whole  race  would  have  become  extinct,5  if6  it  had 
not  been  that  one  boy  had  been  left  behind  in  Rome,  who 
preserved  the  name  and  the  race  of  the  Fabii.  —  IHNE. 

1  kept  in  a  constant  state  of  alarm :  translated  by  one  word. 
A.  &  G.  277.  H.  469.  II.  2  §  17.  3  "  Suggestions,"  10.  *  A.  &  G. 
239.  a.  N.  1.  H.  373.  N.  2.  5  exstingui.  6  A.  &  G.  315.  H.  508.  3. 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES.  31 

XXIX. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  III.  27,  28.] 
STORY  OF  CINCINNATUS. 

Then  the  Master  of  the  People  and  the  Master  of  the 
Horse  went  together  into  the  forum,  and1  ordered2  that 
every  man  who  was  of  an  age  to  go  out  to  battle  should 
be  ready  in 'the  Field  of  Mars  before  sunset.  So  the 
army  was  ready  at  the  time  appointed,  and  they  set 
forth  from  the  city,  xand  made  such  haste,  that  ere  the 
night  was  half3  spent  they  came  to  Algidus ;  and  when 
they  perceived  that  they  were  near  the  enemy  they  made 
a  halt.4  Then  Lucius  rode  on  and  saw  how  the  camp  of 
the  enemy  lay;  and  he  ordered  his  soldiers  to  throw 
down  their  baggage  into  one  place.  Then  they  set  out 
again  in  their  order  of  march  as5  they  had  come  from 
Rome,  and  spread  themselves  round  the  camp  of  the 
enemy  on  every  side.  When  this  6was  done,  upon  a 
given  signal  they  raised  a  great  shout,  which  rang 
through  the  camp  of  the  enemy  and  filled  them  with 
fear ;  and  it  sounded  even  to  the  camp  of  the  Komans 
who  were  shut  up  in  the  valley ;  and  the  consul's  men 
said  one  to  another,  7 "  Rescue  is  surely  at  hand,  for  that 
is  the  shout  of  the  Romans."  —  ARNOLD. 

i  §  12.  2  A.  &  G.  271.  b.  H.  635.  II.  a  A.  &  G.  193.  H.  440. 2. 
N.  1.  *  §  1.  6  Render  by  a  rel.  pron.  A.  &  G.  202.  c.  6  §  201.  e. 
H.  453.  7  Indirect  Narration. 


32  LATIN   PKOSE   EXERCISES. 

XXX. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  V.  21.] 
THE  CAPTURE  OF  VEIL 

At  last  the  day  for  storming  the  town  arrived,  and 
Camillus  let  *  the  Konian  army  advance  to  the  walls  and 
pretend  to  attack  them.  But  while  the  Veientines  were 
engaged  in  defending2  the  walls,  a  select  body3  of  men 
advanced  through  the  tunnel.  At  their  head4  was  Camil- 
lus himself,  and  when  he  arrived  at  the  place  where 
the  tunnel  ended  and  where  there  was  only  a  thin  wall 
to  break  through,  inside  the  temple  of  Juno,  in  the 
citadel  of  Veii,  he  heard  the  high  priest  of  the  Veien- 
tines, who  was  performing  a  sacrifice  before  the  king, 
say5  that  whoever  presented6  this  offering  to  the  tutelar7 
goddess  of  Veii  would  be  victorious  in  battle.  8At  this 
moment  the  Komans  burst  forth  out  of  the  ground ; 
Camillus  seized  the  victim  and  offered  it  on  the  altar  of 
the  goddess,  and  his  troops  dispersed  themselves  from 
the  citadel  over  the  whole  town,  and  opened  the  gates  to 
their  comrades.  Thus  Veii  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Romans,  and  a  more  splendid  triumphal  procession  than 
that  which  Camillus  celebrated  on  his  return9  from  Veii 
had  never  been  seen  in  Rome.  —  IHNE. 

1  iubeo.  A.  &  G.  271.  b.  H.  535.  II.  2  were  engaged  in  defend- 
ing. A.  &  G.  277.  H.  469.  II.  §  4.  3  §  17.  *  §  1.  s  A.  &  G. 
292.  e.  H.  535.  I.  4.  6  A.  &  G.  316,  337.  H.  507.  III.  2.  *  Trans- 
late by  a  rel.  cl.  8  §  21.  9  Best  rendered  perhaps  by  making  it 
the  subject.  See  ch.  23. 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES.  33 

XXXI. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  VI.  3.] 
CAMILLUS  DEFEATS  THE  ETRUSCANS. 

The  dictator  now  learnt  that  an  Etruscan  army,  prob- 
ably from  Tarquinii,  was  besieging  Sutrium.  Camillus 
hastened1  to  its  aid,  but  on  his  way,  said  the  story  of  his 
exploits,  he  met  the  citizens  of  Sutrium  in  forlorn  plight, 
they  having  been  obliged  to  surrender  their  city  and  hav- 
ing saved  nothing  but  their  lives.  2  They  fell  on  their 
knees  before  him,3  told  him  their  sad  case,4  and  craved 
his  assistance.  He  bade5  them  be  of  good  cheer,6  saying7 
that  it  was  now  the  turn8  of  the  Etruscans  to  wail  and 
weep.  Then  he  advanced  upon  Sutrium,  and  found,  as 
he  had  expected,9  that  the  enemy  kept  no  watch,10  and 
were  thinking  of  nothing  but  plunder.  He  instantly 
forced  his  way  into  the  place,  made  a  great  slaughter,10 
and  a  still  greater  number  of  prisoners ;  and  Sutrium 
was  thus,  according  to  the  story,  "lost  and  recovered" 
in  a  day  again.11  Thus  the  enemies  of  Rome  were 
checked,12  and  time  was  gained  for  the  state  to  recover 
from  its  disorder  and  distress,  and  to  meet  its  rivals  on 
more  equal  terms.  —  ARNOLD. 

1  §  21.  2  How  connected  with  the  preceding?  8  se  ad  pedes 
advolvere,  provolvere ;  se  ad  genn  proicere.  4  Use  res 

affectae,  and  join  with  the  following  verb.  5  A.  &  G.  331.  a. 
H.  535.  II.  6  boiio  esse  aniino,  or  an  adjective.  7  A.  &  G.  336. 
N.  2.  H.  623. 1.  N.  8  Is  best  omitted  in  translation.  9  A.  &  G.  200.  e. 
10  "Suggestions,"  10.  Translate  thoughts,  not  roords.  n  §  3. 
12  supprimo. 


34  LATIN   PROSE  EXERCISES. 

XXXII. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  VIII.  6,  7.] 
KOMAN  DISCIPLINE  :   THE  STORY  OF  MANLIUS. 

When  the  war  with  the  Latins  had  broken  out,  and 
both  the  hostile  armies  lay  encamped  against  each  other 
in  Campania,  the  consuls  issued  orders  to  avoid  all  irreg- 
ular fighting,  and  to  take  up  the  combat  only  on  the 
explicit  command  of  their  superior  officers.1  Then  it 
happened  that  the  son  of  the  consul,  T.  Manlius,  who 
led  a  troop  of  cavalry,  approached  the  enemy's  camp,  and 
was  challenged2  by  Mettius,  the  commander  of  the  Tus- 
culan  horse.  3  Stung  by  the  contemptuous  words  of  the 
Tusculan,  the  4  fiery  youth  forgot  the  injunction  of  his 
father,  accepted  the  challenge,  and  killed  Mettius.  In 
triumph  he  returned  to  the  camp,  decorated  with  the 
arms  of  his  slain  enemy,  and  accompanied  by  an  exulting 
crowd  of  his  men.  With  a  gloomy  look  his  father  turned 
away  from  him,  assembled  immediately  the  whole  army 
by  the  blast  of  the  trumpet,  and  5  pronounced  the  sentence 
of  death  over  his  victorious  son.  The  safety 6  of  the  state 
was  not  to  suffer  from  parental  indulgence.  In  the  con- 
test of  duty  and  paternal  love,  the  feeling  of  the  Eoman 
citizen  triumphed.  —  IHNE. 

1  Use  praefeetus,  or  phrase  qul  praeest,  for  superior  officer. 
§  1.  2  to  challenge  any  one:  aliquem  ad  pugnain  provocare. 
8  Consult  Lat.-Eng.  Diet,  under  mordeo.  4  iuvenis  ardentis 
aniun  6  A.  &  G.  220.  a.  H.  410.  III.  N.  2.  6  §  17. 


PARALLEL  PASSAGES.  35 

XXXIII. 

[For  Parallel  Passages,  read  Livy  IX.  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7.] 
(a)  Roman  Defeat  at  the  Caudine  Pass. 

The  disasters l  of  the  Caudine  Forks,  a  defile  between 
Campania  and  Samnium,  2left  a  vivid  impression  on  the 
national  memory,  for  it  was 3  there  that  the  legions  were 
enclosed  as  in  a  trap  and  forced  to  an  ignominious  sur- 
render. The  enemies  themselves,  we  read,  startled  at 
such  unheard-of  fortune,  sent  in  haste  to  ask  Herennius 
Pontius,  the  aged  father  of  their  general,  4how  they 
should  act  in  such  a  crisis.  His  answer 5  was  that  they 
6  should  let  them  all  go  freely  forth  unhurt,7  8and  so 
appeal  to  their  best  and  warmest  feelings,  or,  failing 
that,  put  them  all  without  distinction  to  the  sword,  that 
the  loss  might  cripple  the  state  for  many  a  year.  There 
was  no  safe  course,  he  said,  between  the  two  extremes. 
Yet  the  Samnites  tried  to  find  one.  They  made  their 
prisoners  lay  down  their  arms  and  pass  under  the  yoke, 
while  the  officers  of  highest  rank  bound  themselves  as 
sponsors  for  a  treaty  which  was  to  free  the  soil  of  Sam- 
nium from  the  arms  and  colonies  of  Eome,  9and  leave 
the  rivals  fairly  balanced  as  before.  —  CAPES. 

1  Cladis.  To  sustain  a  disaster  =  cladem  accipere.  Express 
the  participle  in  Latin :  received  at.  2  to  retain  something  in  the 
memory:  illiquid  memoria  tenere,  alicuius  memoriam  reti- 
nere.  3  §  2.  *  A.  &  G.  338.  H.  529.  5  §  1.  6  A.  &  G.  294.  b. 
H.  234.  7  A.  &  G.  186.  b.  3.  8  I.e.  so  that  the  enemy  might  be 
moved  by  so  great  kindness.  9  "Suggestions,"  10.  §§  3,  21. 


36  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES. 


(6)   The  Romans  pass  under  the  Yoke. 

When  consuls,  quaestors,  and  tribunes  of  the  soldiers 
had  taken  the  oaths,  the  first  fulfilment1  of  the  treaty 
followed.  The  Romans  gave  up  their  arms,  and  marched 
out  of  the  camp,  wearing2  or  carrying  with  them  nothing 
but  one  single  article  of  clothing,  the  campestre  or  kilt, 
reaching  from  the  waist3  to  the  knees,  4and  leaving  the 
upper  part  of  the  body  naked,  now  that  the  soldiers  had 
been  obliged  to  give  up  their5  coats  of  mail.  The  six 
hundred  knights  were  then  delivered  up  to  the  Samnites, 
and  the  rest  of  the  Roman  army,  stripped6  of  their  arms 
and  baggage,  passed  in  order  through  an  opening  pur- 
posely made  for  them  in  the  Samnite  lines  of  blockade. 
Two  spears  were  set  upright  in  this  opening,  and  a  third 
was  fastened  across  them  at  the  top ;  and  through  this 
gateway  the  vanquished  army  marched  out,  as  a  token 
that  they  had  been  conquered  in  war,  and  owed  their 
lives  to  the  enemy's  mercy.  It  was  no  peculiar  insult 
devised  for  this  occasion,  but  a  common  usage,  so  far  as 
appears,  in  all  similar  cases :  like  the  modern  ceremony " 
of  piling  arms8  when  a  garrison  or  army  surrender  them- 
selves as  9  prisoners  of  war.  — ARNOLD. 

1  §  1.  2  §  7.  See  also  A.  &  G.  247.  d.  H.  459.  2.  3  media 
pars  corporis.  *  I.e.  so  that.  §§  3,  21.  5  lorica.  6  exuo.  For 
construction,  see  A.  &  G.  225.  d.  H.  384.  II.  2.  "  "  Suggestions," 
9.  B  to  pile  arms :  anna  in  iiniiin  locum  conferre.  9  See  Ex. 
XXVII.  N.  5. 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES.  37 


(c)    The  Army  returns  to  Rome. 

In  far  different  plight,1  and  with  far  other  feelings, 
than  they  had  entered  the  pass  of  Caudium,  did  the 
Roman  army  issue  out  from  it  again  upon  the  plain  of 
Campania.  Defeated  and  disarmed,  they  knew  not  what 
reception 2  they  might  meet  with  from  their  Campanian 
allies.  But  the  Campanians  behaved  faithfully  and  gen- 
erously :  they  sent  supplies  3of  arms,  of  clothing,  and  of 
provisions  to  meet  the  Eomans  even  before  they  arrived 
at  Capua ;  and  when  the  army  approached 4  their  city,  the 
senate  and  people  went  out  to  meet  them.  No  atten- 
tions,5 however,  could6  soothe7  the  wounded  pride  of  the 
Eomans :  they  could  not  bear  to  raise  their  eyes  from 
the  ground  nor  to  speak  to  any  one  :  full  of  shame,  they 
continued8  their  march  to  Rome.  When  they  came  near 
to  it,  all  those  soldiers  who  had  a  home  in  the  country 
dispersed  and  escaped  to  their  several  houses  singly  and 
silently ;  whilst  those  who  lived  in  Rome  lingered  with- 
out the  walls  till  the  sun  was  set,  and  stole  to  their 
homes  "under  cover  of  the  darkness.  — ARNOLD. 

1  Fortfina.  2  Use  the  verb  excipio.  3  Unnecessary  in  transla- 
tion. 4  Employ  dative  of  the  part,  with  obviam  egredior.  A.  &  G. 
228.  b.  5  comitas.  6  §  6.  7  delenio.  8  §  4.  9  per  noctem. 


38  LATIN   PROSE  EXERCISES. 


(d)  Humiliation  of  the  People. 

was  the  blow  less  deeply  felt  by  the  senate  and 
by  the  whole  people.  The  actual2  loss  in  the  battle,  and 
the  captivity 3  of  six  hundred  of  the  youth  of  Rome,  were 
enough  of  themselves  to  throw  the  nation  into  mourning; 
how  much  more  grievous  were  they  when  accompanied 
by  such  utter  defeat  and  humiliation.  All  business  was 
suspended ;  all  orders  put  on  mourning ;  the  knights  and 
senators  laid  aside  their  gold  rings,  and  took  off  the  well- 
known  red  border  of  their  dress  which  marked  their 
rank4;  in  every  house  there  was  weeping  and  wailing  for 
those  who  had  returned  home  dishonored,5  no  less  than 
for  those  who  were  dead  and  captive ;  and  all  ceremonies 
of  rejoicing,  all  festivals,  and  all  private  marriages  were 
suspended,  till  they  could  be  celebrated  in  a  year  of  bet- 
ter omen.  A  dictator  was  named  to  hold  the  comitia  for 
the  election  of  the  new  consuls ;  but  the  augurs  declared 
that  the  appointment  was  null  and  void ;  another  dicta- 
tor was  then  chosen,  but  the  same  objection  was  repeated, 
till  at  last,  as  if  the  gods  abhorred  every  magistrate  of 
this  fatal  year,  the  elections  were  held  by  an  interrex.  — 
ARNOLD. 

1  §  17.     2  ipse.     3  §  17.     4  "  Suggestions,"  10.     5  ignomlniae 
pleni. 


PAKALLEL  PASSAGES.  39 

XXXIV. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  X.  27,  28.] 
ROMAN  DEVOTION  TO  THE  STATE  :   P.  DECIUS. 

When  the  armies  closed,  the  Roman  left  wing  strug- 
gled1 vigorously  against  the  numbers,  and  strength2,  and 
courage  of  the  Gauls.  Twice,  it  is  said3,  did  the  Roman 
and  Campanian  cavalry  charge  with  effect  the  Gaulish 
horsemen;  but  they  were  at  length  driven  back  upon 
their  infantry.  The  first  line  of  the  legions  was  broken, 
and  the  Gauls,  following  their  advantage,  pressed  on 
with  the  masses  of  their  infantry.  Decius  strove  in  vain 
to  stop  the  flight  of  his  soldiers.  One  way  alone  was 
left  by  which  he  might  yet  serve  his  country :  he  be- 
thought 4him  of  his  father  at  the  battle  of  Vesuvius,  and 
calling  to  M.  Livius,  one  of  the  pontifices  who  attended 
him  in  the  field,  he  desired  him  to  dictate  to  him  the  fit 
words  for  self-devotion.5  Then,  in  the  same  dress,  and 
with  all  the  same  ceremonies,  he  pronounced  also  the 
same  form  of  words  which  had  been  uttered  by  his 
father,  and  devoting  himself  and  the  host  of  the  enemy 
with  him  to  the  grave  and  to  the  powers  of  the  dead,  he 
rode  into  the  midst  of  the  Gaulish  ranks,  and  was  slain. 
—  ARNOLD. 

1  Use  the  impers.  const,  with  pngno.  2  See  Ex.  I.  N.  6.  8  A.  &  G. 
330.  a.  and  b.  H.  534.  1.  *  A.  &  G.  219.  H.  406.  II.  5  §  i. 


40  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES. 

XXXV. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  XXII.  2.] 

The  passage  of  the  Apennines  was  accomplished  with- 
out much  difficulty,  at  a  point  as  far  west  as  possible,  or, 
in  other  words,  as  distant  as  possible *  from  the  enemy ; 
but  the  marshy  lowlands  between  the  Serchio 2  and  the 
Arno  were  so  flooded  by  the  melting  of  the  snow  and 
the  spring  rains,  that  the  army  had  to  march  four  days 
in  water,  z  without  finding  any  other  dry  spot  for  resting 
by  night  than  was  supplied  by  piling  the  baggage,  or 
by  the  sumpter  animals4  that  had  fallen.  The  troops 
underwent  unutterable  sufferings,  particularly  the  Gallic 
infantry,  which  marched  behind  the  Carthaginians  along 
tracks 5  already  rendered  impassable :  they  murmured 
loudly,  and  would  undoubtedly  have  dispersed  to  a  man,6 
had  not  the  Carthaginian  cavalry  under  Mago,  which 
brought  up  the  rear,  rendered  flight  impossible.  Various 
diseases  decimated 7  the  soldiers ;  Hannibal  himself  8  lost 
an  eye  in  consequence  of  ophthalmia.9  —  MOMMSEN. 

1  A.  &  G.  93.  H.  170.  2.  2  Latin  name,  Auser  (-eris).  8  See 
Ex.  X.  N.  9.  4  i uni cut u in  (sarcinarlum).  5  258.  g.  H.  420. 
1.  3).  6  omnes  ad  iinuin.  7  decimo  is  late  Latin,  and  should  be 
avoided.  "  Suggestions,"  9.  8  to  lose  one  eye :  altero  oculo  cap!. 
Consult  Lat.-Eng.  Diet,  under  capio.  9  oculorum  Inflammatio. 


PARALLEL  PASSAGES.  41 

XXXVI. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  XXIV.  1  and  21.] 
ASSASSINATION  OF  HIERONYMUS,  KING  OF   SYRACUSE. 

An  empty  house 1  in  this  street  had  been  occupied  by 
the  conspirators :  when  the  king  came  opposite  to  it,  one 
of  their  number,2  who  was  one  of  the  king's  guards,  and 
close  to  his  person,  stopped  just  behind  him,  as  if  some- 
thing had  caught  his  foot ;  and  whilst  he  seemed  trying 
to  get  free,  he  checked  the  advance3  of  the  following 
multitude,  and  4left  the  king  to  go  on  a  few  steps  unat- 
tended. 4At  that  moment  the  conspirators  rushed  out 
of  the  house  and  murdered  him.  So  sudden  was  the 
act,5  that  his  guards  could  not  save  him ;  seeing 6  him 
dead,7  they  were  seized  with  a  panic  and  dispersed. 
The  murderers8  hastened,  some  into  the  market-place 
of  Leontini,  to  raise  the  cry 5  of  liberty  there,  and  others 
to  Syracuse,  to  anticipate  the  king's  friends  and  secure 
the  city  for  themselves  and  the  Romans.  Their  tidings, 
however,  had  flown 9  before  them ;  and  Andranodorus, 
the  king's  uncle,  had  already  secured  the  island  of  Orty- 
gia,10  in  which  was  the  citadel.  The  assassins  arrived 
just  at  nightfall,11  calling  the  people  to  rise  in  the  name 
of  liberty.  —  ARNOLD. 

1  §  16.  H.  561.  2  §  17.  3  Contained  in  the  verbal  idea.  §  1. 
4  What  is  the  relation  between  the  two  sentences  ?  §§  3,  21. 
What  word  may  be  omitted  in  the  translation  ?  5  §  1.  6  The  pres. 
part,  is  used  more  freely  in  English  than  in  Latin.  How  may  it 
be  rendered  here  ?  7  A.  &  G.  186.  c.  8  For  the  use  of  a  distribu- 
tive apposition,  see  Madvig,  §  217.  Obs.  1.  9  "  Suggestions,"  10. 
10  A.  &  G.  183.  H.  363.  »  sub  noctem. 


42  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES. 

XXXVII. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Liny  XXIV.  34.] 
SIEGE  OF  SYRACUSE. 

Marcellus  brought  up  his  ships  against  the  sea-wall 
of  Achradina,  and  endeavored  by  a  constant  discharge 2 
of  stones  and  arrows  to  clear  the  walls  of  their  defenders, 
so  that  his  men  might  apply  their  ladders,  and  mount  to 
the  assault.3  These  ladders  rested  on  two  ships,  lashed 
together  4  broadside  to  broadside,  5  and  worked  as  one  by 
their  outside  oars.  But  Archimedes  had  supplied  the 
ramparts  with  an  artillery  6so  powerful  that  it  over- 
whelmed the  Romans  before  they  could  get 7  within  the 
range 8  which  their  missiles  could  reach ;  and  when  they 
came  closer,  they  found 9  that  all  the  lower  part  of  the 
wall  was  loopholed ;  and  their  men  were  struck  down  10 
with  fatal  aim  by  an  enemy  they  could  not  see.  At 
other  times  machines  like  cranes  were  thrust  out  over 
the  wall;  and  the  end  of  the  lever  with  an  iron  grapple 
affixed  to  it  was  lowered  upon  the  ships.  n  As  soon  as 
the  grapple  had  taken  hold,  the  other  end  of  the  lever 
was  lowered  by  heavy  weights,  and  the  ship  raised  out 
of  the  water,  till  it  was  made  almost  to  stand  upon  its 
stern;  then  the  grapple  was  suddenly  let  go,12  and  the 
ship  w  dropped  into  the  sea  with  a  violence  which  either 
upset  it  or  filled  it  with  water.  —  ARNOLD. 

1  Express  by  a  rel.  cl.  2  §  19.  8  §  1.  4  Express  by  a  result  cl. 
6  §  21.  6  tormenta.  7  A.  &  G.  262,  327.  H.  520.  8  to  come  within 
reach  of  a  missile  is  intra  tell  couiectum  venire.  9  §  3.  10  §  16. 
11  A.  &  G.  346.  a-c.  H.  573.  §§  22-24.  12  §  21.  18  Avoid  a  change 
of  subject. 


PARALLEL  PASSAGES.  .43 

XXXVIII. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  XXVII.  39.] 
HASDRUBAL'S  MARCH  INTO  ITALY. 

^  As  soon  as  the  winter  snows  were  thawed,1  Hasdrubal 
commenced  his  march  from  Auvergne 2  to  the  Alps.  3  He 
experienced  none  of  the  difficulties  which  his  brother 
had  met  with  from  the  mountain  tribes.  The  fame  of 
the  war,  with  which  Italy  had  now  been  convulsed  *  for 
twelve  years,  had  penetrated  into  the  Alpine  passes,  and 
the  mountaineers  now  understood  that  a  mighty  city 
southward  of  the  Alps  was  to  be  attacked 5  by  the  troops 
whom  they  saw  marching  among  them.  They  now  not 
only  opposed  no  resistance  to  the  passage  of  Hasdrubal, 
but  many  of  them,  out  of  the  love  of  enterprise  and 
plunder,  or  allured  by  the  high  pay  he  offered,  took  ser- 
vice with  him ;  and  thus  he  advanced  upon  Italy  with 
an  army  that  gathered  strength  at  every  league.  Many 
warriors  of  the  Ligurian  tribes  joined  him  ;  and  crossing 
the  river  Po,  he  marched  down  its  southern  bank  to  the 
city  of  Placentia,  which  he  wished  to  secure  6  as  a  base 
for  his  future  operations.^/  Placentia  resisted  him  as 
bravely  as  it  had  resisted  Hannibal  twelve  years  before, 
and  for  some  time  Hasdrubal  was  occupied  with  a  fruit- 
less siege  before  its  walls.  —  CREASY. 

1  dllabor :  see  Livy  XXI.  36.  2  Averal.  8  "  Suggestions,"  10. 
*  concutio.  s  A.  &  G.  147.  c ;  288.  f ;  302.  R.  H.  537.  6  Turn 
'  that  thence  he  might  conduct  military  operations.'  7  "  Sugges- 
tions," 10. 


44  LATIN   PROSE  EXERCISES. 

XXXIX. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  XXVII.  44.] 
BEFORE  THE  BATTLE  OF  METAUBUS. 

Meanwhile  at  Rome  the  Miews  of  Nero's  expedition 
had  caused  the  greatest  excitement  and  alarm.  All  men 
felt2  the  full  audacity3  of  the  enterprise,4  but  hesitated2 
what  epithet5  to  apply  to  it.  It  was  evident  that  Nero's 
conduct8  would  be  judged  of  by  the  event,  that  most 
unfair  criterion,4  as  the  Roman  historian  truly  terms  it. 
People  reasoned7  on  the  perilous  state  in  which  Nero 
had  left  the  rest 8  of  the  army,  without  a  general  and 
deprived  of  the  core  9of  its  strength,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  terrible  Hannibal.  10  All  these  calamities  had  come 
to  them  while  they  had  only  one  Carthaginian  general 
and  army  to  deal  with  in  Italy.  Now  they  had  two 
Punic  wars  at  a  time.  They  had  two  Carthaginian 
armies ;  they  had  almost  two  Hannibals  in  Italy.  Has- 
drubal  was  sprung  from  the  same  father ; u  trained  up 
in  the  same  hostility  to  Rome;  equally  practised  in 
battle  against  their  legions;  and  if  the  comparative 
speed  and  success  with  which  he  had  crossed  the  Alps 
was  a  fair  test,  he  was  even  a  better  general  than  his 
brother.  —  CREASY. 

1  Render  by  a  verbal  clause.  2  What  tense?  8  §  17.  4  §  1. 
6  "  Suggestions,"  10.  6  §  17.  7  May  be  entirely  omitted.  What 
construction  follows?  8  A.  &  G.  193.  H.  440.  N.  1.  9  "Sugges- 
tions," 10.  10  Employ  Indirect  Narration.  A.  &  G.  336.  2.  N.  2. 
"  A.  &  G.  244.  a.  H.  415.  H. 


PARALLEL  PASSAGES.  45 

XL. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livy  XX  711.  47-49.] 
BATTLE  OF  METAURUS. 

Nero  found  Marcus  Livius  at  Lena  Gallica  awaiting ' 
the  enemy ;  both  consuls  at  once  marched  against  Has- 
drubal,  whom  they  found  occupied  in  crossing  the  Metau- 
rus.  Hasdrubal  wished  to  avoid  a  battle  and  to  escape 
from  the  Romans  by  a  detour,2  but  his  guides  abandoned 3 
him ;  he  3  lost  his  way  on  ground  that  was  strange  to 
him,  and  was  at  length  attacked  on  the  march  *  by  the 
Roman  cavalry,  and  detained  until 5  the  Roman  infantry 
arrived,  and  a  battle  became  inevitable.6  Hasdrubal 
stationed  the  Spaniards  on  the  right  wing,  with  his 
ten  elephants  in  front  of  it,  and  the  Gauls  on  the  left, 
which  he  held  back.  Long  the  fortune  of  battle  wavered 
on  the  right  wing,  and  the  consul  Livius  who  commanded 
there  was  hard  pressed,  till  Nero/  repeating  as  a  tactical 
manoeuvre  the  strategical  operation  which  had  succeeded 
so  well,  allowed  the  enemy  opposite  to  him  to  remain  as 
they  stood,  and  marching  round  his  own  army,  fell  upon 
the  flank  of  the  Spaniards.  This  decided  the  day.  The 
severely  bought  and  very  bloody  victory  was  complete. 
Hasdrubal,  when  he  saw  the  admirably  conducted  battle 
was  lost,  sought  and  found,  like  his  father,  an  honorable 
soldier's  death.  —  MOMMSEN. 

1  exspecto.  2  Consult  Diet,  under  circumdo.  8  Distinguish 
between  deserere,  rellnquere,  destituere.  Distinguish  between 
errare  vagare,  palari.  Cf .  Doederlein,  Synon.  1.  89 :  erramus 
incertl,  vagamur  solutl,  palamur  dispersi.  *  in  itinere.  5  A.  &  G. 
328.  H.  619.  6  Express  by  a  circumlocution :  vitari  non  posse. 
7  "Suggestions,"  10. 


46  LATIN    PKOSE   EXERCISES. 

XLI. 

[For  Parallel  Passage,  read  Livij  XXVII.  50.] 
AFTER  THE  BATTLE. 

From  the  moment l  that  Nero's  march  had  been  heard 
of  at  Rome,  intense  anxiety  possessed  the  whole  city. 
Every  day  the  senate  sat  from  sunrise  to  sunset;  and 
not2  a  senator  was  absent;  every  day  the  forum  was 
crowded  from  morning  till  evening,  as  each  hour  might 
bring  some  great  tidings,  and  every  man  wished  to  be 
3 among  the  first  to  hear  them.  A  doubtful  rumor  arose 
that  a  great  battle  4  had  been  fought,  and  a  great  victory 
won  only  two  days  before  :  two  horsemen  of  Narnia  had 
ridden  off  from  the  field  to  carry  the  news  to  their  home. 
But  men  dared  not  lightly  believe  what  they  so  much 
wished  to  be  true ;  and  how,  they  said,  could  a  battle 
fought  in  the  extremity  sof  Umbria  be  heard  of  only 
two  days  after  at  Rome  ?  Soon,  however,  it  was  known 
that  a  letter  had  arrived  from  L.  Manlius  Acidinus  him- 
self, who  commanded  the -army  at  Narnia:  the  horse- 
men had  certainly  arrived  there  from  the  field  of  battle, 
and  brought  tidings4  of  a  glorious  victory.  The  letter 
was  read  first  in  the  senate  and  then  in  the  forum  from 
the  rostra.  —  ARNOLD. 

1  I.e.  from  what  time.  2  A.  &  G.  209.  b.  H.  569.  IV.  1.  See 
Ex.  XXVI.  5.  3  §  2.  *  §  1.  6  A.  &  G.  193.  H.  440.  N.  1. 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES.  47 

XLII. 

[Before  doing  this  exercise,  read  Livy  IX.  13-16.] 

L.  Papirius  Cursor  was  one  of  the  favorite  heroes  of 
Koinan  tradition;  his  remarkable  swiftness  of  foot,  his 
gigantic  strength,  and  the  iron  strictness  of  his  disci- 
pline, accompanied  as  it  was  by  occasional  touches  of 
rough  humor,  all  contributed  to  make  his  memory  popu- 
lar, somewhat  in  the  same  way  as  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion 
has  been  admired  among  us;  and  his  countrymen  boasted 
that  he  would  have  been  a  worthy  champion  to  have 
fought  against  Alexander  the  Great,  if  Alexander  had 
ever  invaded  Italy.  This  favorite  leader  was  consul 
in  the  year  immediately  following  the  affair  of  the  pass 
of  Caudimn;  so  great  a  warrior  must  have  signally 
avenged  that  disgrace ;  and  accordingly  he  was  made 
to  realize  the  most  sanguine  wishes  of  the  national 
vanity;  he  retook  Luceria,  the  fatal  town  which  had 
tempted  the  consuls  of  the  last  year  to  rush  blindly  into 
the  defile  of  Caudium ;  and  in  it  he  recovered  all  the 
arms  and  all  the  standards  which  had  been  taken  from 
the  Romans,  and  above  all  he  there  found  the  six  hun- 
dred Roman  knights  who  had  been  given  up  as  hostages, 
and  delivered  them  all  safe  and  sound.  —  ARNOLD. 


48  LATIN    PROSE   EXERCISES. 

XLIII. 

[Before  doing  this  exercise,  read  Livy  XXII.  51,  54,  55.] 
EVENTS  AFTER  THE  BATTLE  OF  CANNAE. 

The  awful  news  flew  to  Rome.  Consternation  and 
despair  seized  the  people.  The  city  would  have  been 
emptied  of  its  population,  had  not  the  senate  ordered 
the  gates  to  be  closed.  Never  did  that  body  display 
greater  calmness,  wisdom,  prudence,  and  resolution.  By 
word  and  act  they  bade  the  people  never  despair  of  the 
republic..  .Little  by  little  the  panic  was  allayed.  Meas- 
ures were(jcfilfce&^ed  for  the  defence  of  the  capital,  as  it 
was  expected  that  Hannibal  would  immediately  march 
to  Rome.  Messengers  were  sent  along  the  southern 
military  road  to  see,  as  Livy  pathetically  expressed  it, 
"  if  the  gods,  touched  by  one  pang  of  pity,  had  left  aught 
remaining  to  the  Roman  name,"  and  to  bring  the  first 
tidings  of  the  expected  advance  of  Hannibal.  The 
leader  of  the  Numidian  cavalry,  Maharbal,  urged  Hanni- 
bal to  follow  up  closely  his  victory.  "Let  me  advance 
with  the  cavalry,"  said  he,  "and  in  five  days  you  shall 
dine  in  the  capital."  But  Hannibal  refused  to  adopt 
the  counsel  of  his  impetuous  general.  Maharbal  turned 
away,  and  with  mingled  reproach  and  impatience,  ex- 
claimed, "  Alas !  thou  knowest  how  to  gain  a  victory, 
but  not  how  to  use  one."  —  MYERS. 


PARALLEL  PASSAGES.  49 

XLIV. 

[Before  attempting  this  exercise,  carefully  study  Appendix,  §§  21-24.] 

The  commander  of  the  enemy's  forces  was  an  expe- 
rienced general  and  a  skilful  tactician.1  Yet  when  he 
heard  of  the  unexpected  approach  of  the  army  that  had 
been  despatched  by  the  senate  against  him,  and  when  he 
saw  that  in  addition  to  2  other  disadvantages  he  had  been 
engaged  in  a  spot  ill  adapted3  for  fighting,  he  tried  to 
take  refuge  in  flight ;  but  it  was  too  late.4  Throughout 
the  camp  great  indignation  reigned,5  and  the  men  hardly 
refrained  from  offering  violence  to  the  leader,6  "  by  whose 
rashness,"  they  said,  "  they  had  been  brought  into  such 
a  situation."  While  thus  paralyzed7  and  before  they 
could  recover,  their  foes  were  upon  them.  Cut  to  pieces8 
on  every  side,  they  abandoned  the  contest ;  and  disarmed, 
they  were  sent  home  in  disgrace. 

Yet  the  struggle  had  been  fiercer  than  one  might  have 
expected  from,  the  number  engaged.  One  who  was  an  eye- 
witness9 of  this  ignominious  disaster,9  and  an  unpreju- 
diced 10  observer,  has  eloquently  described  the  instances 
of  bravery  displayed,  how  the  army  was  crushed  by  the 
overpowering11  numbers  of  the  enemy,  and  finally,  when 
forced  to  surrender,  the  utter  humiliation  of  a  brave  and 
spirited  race. 

1  rei  militaris  peritus.  2  praeter.  8  iniquus  ad.  4  Incorpo- 
rate with  preceding  clause.  5  "  Suggestions,"  10.  6  A.  &  G.  341. 
7  See  Lat.-Eng.  Diet,  under  obstupefacio.  Cf.  stuped.  8  caedo. 
9  spectator  et  testes.  §  13.  10§  20.  n  "  Suggestions,"  10. 


50  LATIN    PEOSE   EXERCISES. 

XLV. 

[In  connection  with  this  exercise,  study  carefully  Appendix,  §§  21-24.] 

To  such  a  degree  does  Fortune  blind  a  people,  when 
she  is  determined  upon  their  ruin,  that  when  danger  of 
the  greatest  magnitude  threatened  that  state  which  in 
former  times  had  left  no  means  untried  to  procure  aid, 
and  had  on  many  occasions  nominated  a  dictator,  now 
when  an  enemy  whom  they  had  never  met,  or  even  heard 
of,  was  advancing  in  arms  against  them,  looked  not  for 
any  extraordinary  aid  or  assistance.  Tribunes  whose 
rashness  had  brought  on  the  troubles  were  entrusted 
with  the  chief  command.  They  extenuated  the  impor- 
tance which  report  gave  to  the  war ;  and  the  consequence 
was  that  they  used  no  greater  diligence  in  levying  forces 
than  was  usual  in  case  of  wars  in  their  midst.  Mean- 
while the  enemy,  hearing  that  the  violators  of  mankind 
had  been  rewarded  with  honors,  and  that  their  embassy 
had  been  insulted,  were  inflamed  with  anger,  a  passion 
which  that  race  knows  not  how  to  control,  and  instantly 
they  snatched  up  their  ensigns  and  began  the  march 
in  all  haste.  Their  precipitate  movement  caused  such 
alarm  wherever  they  passed  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
cities  ran  together  to  arms,  and  the  peasants  betook 
themselves  to  flight;  then  they  signified  to  them  by 
loud  shouts  that  to  Koine  they  were  going. 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES.  51 

XL  VI. 

[In  connection  with  this  exercise,  study  Appendix,  §§  21-24.] 

Soon  the  numerous  tribes  of  the  enemy  reached  the 
city.  There  the  military  tribunes  had  formed  no  camp, 
nor  had  taken  any  precaution  of  raising  a  rampart  which 
might  serve  as  a  retreat.  Regardless  of  their  duty  to 
gods  and  men,  without  taking  auspices  or  offering  a 
sacrifice,  they  drew  up  their  line,  which  they  extended 
on  towards  the  wings,  that  they  might  not  be  surrounded 
by  the  numerous  forces  of  the  enemy.  On  the  right  was 
a  small  eminence,  which  they  resolved  to  occupy  with  a 
body  of  reserves ;  and  this  measure,  as  it  gave  the  first 
cause  to  their  dismay,  so  it  proved  the  only  means  of 
safety  in  their  flight.  The  chieftain  of  the  invaders 
thought  that,  as  his  enemies  were  few,  he  should  espe- 
cially be  on  guard  against  their  skill.  Supposing,  there- 
fore, that  the  higher  place  had  been  seized  with  this 
design,  that  when  his  forces  should  be  engaged  in  front 
with  the  line  of  the  legions,  that  reserved  force  might 
attack  their  rear  and  flank,  he  turned  his  force  against 
that  body ;  for  he  did  not  doubt  that  if  he  could  dislodge 
them  from  their  post,  his  troops,  so  much  superior  in 
number,  would  find  an  easy  victory  in  the  plain. 


52  LATIN   PEOSE  EXERCISES. 

XLVII. 

[In  connection  with  this  exercise,  study  Appendix,  §§  21-24.] 

In  the  opposing  army  there  appeared  nothing  like 
Romans,  either  among  the  commanders  or  soldiers. 
Terror  and  dismay  had  taken  possession  of  their  minds, 
and  such  a  total  unconcern  of  their  duty,  that  by  far  the 
greater  number  took  refuge  in  flight.  For  some  time 
the  situation  of  the  ground  defended  the  reserve;  but 
those  who  formed  the  rest  of  the  time  on  the  flank  and 
on  their  rear,  no  sooner  heard  the  shout,  than  not  only 
without  attempting  to  fight,  but  without  even  returning 
the  shout,  fresh  and  unhurt,  they  ran  away  from  an 
untried  enemy  almost  before  they  had  seen  them.  Thus 
no  lives  of  the  combatants  were  lost ;  but  their  rear  was 
cut  to  pieces,  while  they  crowded  on  one  another  and 
impeded  their  flight. 

On  the  other  hand,  such  a  miraculous  and  speedy 
victory  astonished  the  enemy.  At  first  they  stood 
motionless,  struck  with  fear,  as  if  ignorant  of  what  had 
happened;  then  they  dreaded  some  stratagem;  finally 
they  collected  the  spoils  of  the  slain,  and  piled  the  arms 
in  heaps,  according  to  their  practice. 


PARALLEL   PASSAGES.  53 

XLVIII. 

[In  connection  with  this  exercise,  study  Appendix,  §§  21-24.] 

Immediately  after  the  retreat  of  the  Gauls  all  the  old 
enemies  of  Rome  were  again  in  arms,  in  order  to  take 
advantage  of  the  helpless  condition  of  the  Romans,  and 
the  threatened  revolt  of  the  Latins  made  these  attacks 
especially  dangerous.  But  the  tried  hero,  Camillus,  who 
now  for  the  second  time  commanded  the  Roman  legions 
as  dictator,  first  attacked  and  overcame  the  Volscians, 
and  reduced  them  to  final  submission  after  they  had 
carried  on  war  with  Rome  for  seventy  years.  He  then 
vanquished  the  ^Equians,  and  turned  with  the  rapidity 
of  lightning  against  the  Etruscans,  who,  with  united 
powers,  were  besieging  the  town  of  Sutrium.  Unable 
to  resist  any  longer,  the  inhabitants  of  Sutrium  had 
already  surrendered  their  town,  in  consideration  of  a  free 
retreat,  and  the  train  of  poor  homeless  creatures,  with 
their  wailing  wives  and  children,  met  Camillus,  who 
was  hastening  to  their  relief.  He  immediately  pushed 
forward  to  the  town,  where  he  surprised  the  Etruscans, 
as  they  were  engaged  in  plundering  the  town,  and  having 
regained  the  place,  restored  it  to  the  inhabitants  on  the 
same  day  on  which  they  had  lost  it.  A  well-deserved 
triumph  crowned  this  three-fold  victory. 


APPENDIX. 

SUGGESTIONS 

TO    BE    FOLLOWED    IN    THE    PREPARATION   OF    THE    EXERCISES. 

1.  Never  attempt  to  translate  the  English  exercises  into  Latin 
without  a  thorough  study  of  the  chapters  upon  which  they  are 
based. 

2.  Cultivate  a  habit  of  close  observation  in  reading  the  Latin, 
noticing  carefully  every  word  and  phrase,  every  construction, 
and  the  order  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

3.  Observe  with  care  also  the  logical  relation  of  words  and 
clauses,  which  the  Latin  marks  with  greater  precision  than  the 
English.     Notice  that  the  word  which  most  clearly  shows  its 
connection  with  what  precedes  is  put  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sentence. 

4.  Try  to  think  in  Latin.     Read  aloud  the  Latin  text  to  your- 
self, without  translating,  and  try  to  comprehend  its  meaning  in 
the  Roman  order. 

5.  Before  attempting  to  translate  the  English  passage  into 
Latin,  read  it  over  carefully  and  endeavor  to  realize  its  meaning, 
and  to  get  the  thought  clearly  before  you. 

6.  Read  the  English  aloud,  and  note  the   emphatic  words 
or  phrases.      Emphasis  in  Latin   is  occasionally  expressed  by 
particles,  but  most  often  by  the  order  of  the  words. 

7.  Do  the  whole  written  exercise  before  referring   to  the 
Latin  text  upon  which  it  is  based.     If  it  seems  difficult,  open 
your  Livy  to  the  text,  read  and  try  to  understand  it  thoroughly, 


56  APPENDIX. 

then  close  the  book,  and  do  the  best  you  can  before  you  again 
refer  to  the  original.  Then  compare  and  observe  where  the 
original  differs  from  your  own,  and  endeavor  to  see  exactly  the 
reasons  for  its  superiority. 

8.  Do  not  use  an  English-Latin  dictionary.     In  the  text  upon 
which   the    English   passage  is  based   will  be  found   all   the 
materials  for  the  translation  of  that  piece.     '  No  vice  of  com- 
position is  more   common  than  the   mechanical  rendering  of 
printed  English  by  means   of  a  dictionary  or  phrase-book  into 
Latin  writing.' 

On  the  other  hand,  a  good  Latin-English  dictionary  must  be 
freely  used,  especially  where  the  student  is  in  doubt  as  to  the 
appropriateness  of  the  word  he  has  in  mind. 

9.  Remember  that  a  large  number  of  English  words  come  to 
us  through  the  late  Latin,  which  differs  widely  oftentimes  from 
the  classical  language ;  and  you  must  beware  of   using   Latin 
words  which  seem  to  be  the  same  as  the  English  ones. 

10.  Before  translating,   reduce  the  English  to   its  simplest 
form,  stripping  it  of   needless  synonyms,  and  eliminating  all 
inexactness  and  indistinctness.     Translation  from  English  into 
Latin   is   largely   a   simplification.      The    English    is   a  richer 
language,  and  is  more  varied  in  its  expression  :  the  Latin  is  a 
simple  and  very  direct  language.      The  Roman  fondness   for 
simplicity  is  seen  in  the  use  of  (a)  res,  '  a  blank  cheque,  to  be 
filled  up  from  the  context  to  the  requisite  amount  of  meaning ' 1 ; 
(b)  ease,  which  is  often  to  be  translated  by  a  more  expressive 
word,  e.g.  per  castra  indignatid  ingens  erat,  great  indignation 
reigned  throughout  the  camp  ;  (c)  homines,  which  would  trans- 
late 'men,'  'persons,'  'individuals,'   'personalities,'   'peoples,' 
'  the  world,'  '  humanity.' 

i  pOTTS)  Latin  Prose  Composition.  The  following  meanings  are 
quoted  from  Livy  :  res  Romana  (state),  ut  turn  res  erant  (circum- 
stances), baud  displicet  res  Tullo  (proposal),  res  ad  Camillum 
rediit  (government),  res  nova  (novelty),  res  novae  (revolution) , 
r§s  secundae  (prosperity),  res  adversae  (adversity),  tua  res 
agritur  (interest). 


APPENDIX.  57 


NOTES   ON   IDIOMS. 

§  1.  Substantives  are  less  often  used  in  Latin,  and  must 
sometimes  in  translation  be  replaced  by  an  adjective,  adverb, 
relative  or  other  verbal  clause. 

§2.  Auxiliary  verbs  will  be  often  suppressed  in  translation, 
in  such  expressions  as,  '  He  was  the  first  to  do  it,'  '  It  is  you  I 
ask  '  (primus  haec  fecit,  te  rogo)  :  position  in  Latin  ofttimes 
giving  the  effect  of  our  auxiliary  verbs. 

§  3.  Many  other  verbs,  such  as  '  keep,'  '  cease,"  '  begin,'  '  at- 
tempt,' 'try,'  etc.,  disappear  altogether  in  translation,  or  their 
force  is  expressed  by  adverbs. 

§  4.  The  Latin  Imperfect  often  expresses  such  ideas,  as 
' continued  to,'  'used  to,'  'tried  to,'  'proceeded  to,'  'began  to.' 

§5.  'Would,'  'could,'  etc.,  used  as  auxiliaries  in  subjunc- 
tive clauses,  and  the  same  words  used  as  imperfects  of  '  will,' 
'can,'  etc.,  ought  to  be  distinguished  in  translation.  The  last 
sense  is  expressed  by  possum,  and  certain  impersonals  like 
licet,  etc.  '  Would '  is  often  used  in  a  frequentative  sense,  and 
is  then  translated  by  the  imperfect  tense. 

§  6.  Notice  the  difference  between  the  Latin  and  English 
idioms  with  verbs  of  necessity  and  possibility  ('might,'  'ought,' 
'could,'  etc.,  with  infinitive),  potui  (poteram)  vidgre,  / 
might  have  seen,  debui  (debebam)  videre,  I  ought  to  have 
seen,  hoc  dixisse  potest,  he  may  have  said  this. 

The  difference  of  idiom  arises  from  the  English  defective 
verbs  may,  ought,  etc.,  and  the  correct  use  of  the  tense  in  Latin 
may  be  shown  by  a  more  literal  translation  :  e.g.  potui  vidSre, 
I  was  able  to  see ;  debui  vid§re,  /  was  bound  (it  was  my  duty) 
to  see ;  hoc  dixisse  potest,  it  is  possible  that  he  said  this. 


58  APPENDIX. 

§  7.  The  Latin  Present  Participle  is  strictly  present,  and 
denotes  uncompleted  action  contemporaneous  with  that  of  the 
main  verb.  The  English  present  participle  is  often  used 
vaguely,  and  must  be  translated  by  the  past  participle  cum 
with  the  subjunctive,  etc. 

§  8.  The  Ablative  Absolute  may  be  equivalent  to  an  adver- 
bial clause  of  time,  manner,  condition,  cause,  or  concession. 
But  this  construction  is  to  be  avoided,  (a)  when  it  stands  for 
a  subordinate  clause,  in  which  the  subject  denotes  the  same 
person  or  thing  as  the  subject  or  object  of  the  principal  clause : 
e.g.  ha.ec  legens  te  vidi  (not  me  legente) ;  (6)  when  the 
Ablative  has  a  noun,  adjective,  or  participle  in  the  predicate  in 
agreement  with  it :  e.g.  cum  Cicero  consul  creatus  esset, 
when  Cicero  was  elected  Consul. 

§  9.  The  Adjective  in  Latin  often  stands  instead  of  the 
objective  or  subjective  genitive,  or  instead  of  a  preposition  and 
its  case,  especially  to  denote  origin,  designation  of  place  and 
time,  and  material :  e.g.  domus  regia,  the  palace  of  the  king. 
Miltiades  Atheniensis,  Miltiades  of  Athens,  pugna  Cannen- 
sis,  the  battle  of  Cannae.,  iter  Brundisinum,  the  way  towards 
Brundisium. 

Conversely,  sometimes  in  Latin,  the  genitive  of  a  noun  must 
be  used,  where  in  English  an  adjective  is  employed :  e.g.  hos- 
tium  castra,  hostile  camps,  omnium  gaudium,  general  joy. 

§  10.  An  Adjective  of  praise  or  blame  is  not  combined  with 
a  proper  name,  except  as  a  cognomen  or  title;  but  first  the 
proper  name  is  mentioned,  and  then  the  class  with  the  attribute  : 
e.g.  Cato,  homo  doctissimus,  the  learned  Cato.  Alexander 
Magnus,  Alexander  the  Great. 

§  11.  If  several  adjectives  be  joined  to  a  noun,  as  a  rule  they 
are  connected  by  copulative  conjunctions.  Uote  especially  the 
following  expressions :  — 

multa  et  magna  incommoda,  many  great  disadvantages. 

multi  et  optimi  homines 

multi  optimique  homines  ^  many  excellent  men. 

multi,  iique  optimi 


APPENDIX.  59 

§  12.  In  an  enumeration  of  three  or  more  co-ordinate  words, 
either  (1)  each  is  connected  with  the  preceding  by  a  conjunc- 
tion (polysyndeton),  or  (2)  no  conjunction  is  put  (asyndeton)  : 
e.g.  summa  fide  et  constantia,  et  iustitia;  or,  summa  fide, 
constantia,  iustitia. 

So  alii,  cetera,  reliqui  stand  at  the  end  of  an  enumeration, 
without  a  conjunction:  e.g.  honores,  divitiae,  cetera;  like- 
wise, postremo,  denique,  and  not,  et  postremo,  etc. 

Asyndeton  occurs  in  quick  or  animated  discussion  :  vgni, 
vidi,  vici. 

§  13.  Sometimes  the  Romans  joined  two  nouns  by  a  con- 
junction, where  the  English  employs  a  noun  with  the  genitive 
or  an  adjective :  e.g.  ratio  et  doctrma,  theoretical  knowledge. 

This  figure  is  called  Hendiadys. 

§  14.  The  frequent  use  of  the  Relative  as  a  connective  where 
the  English  employs  a  personal  or  demonstrative  pronoun  ought 
to  be  carefully  remembered. 

§  15.  Latin  was  pre-eminently  a  language  of  orators  and 
rhetoricians,  and  has,  therefore,  assumed  a  rhetorical  color. 
This  is  seen  in  the  frequent  use  of  the  superlative  of  the  adjec- 
tive where  the  English  would  have  the  positive. 

§  16.  The  Latin,  being  a  very  direct  language  in  its  expres- 
sion, naturally  prefers  the  Active  to  the  Passive  voice,  so  that 
the  English  passive  is  more  often  to  be  translated  by  the  active 
in  Latin. 

But  the  Impersonal  Passive  is  frequently  employed  where  the 
expression  is  indefinite :  e.g.  hue  concurritur,  they  rush  for 
this  point,  a  general  rush  is  made  for  this  point. 

§  17.  "  Latin  is  concrete  in  its  expression.  It  deals  with  the 
concrete  and  individual,  not  with  the  abstract  and  universal." 
Thus  '  Rome '  or  '  Carthage '  should  be  rendered  in  Latin  by 
Roman!  or  Cartha'ginieuses,  when  a  quality  or  action  of  the 
inhabitants  is  spoken  of. 

§  18.  Verbal  abstracts,  as  '  knowledge,'  are  sometimes  to  be 
rendered  by  the  Infinitive,  or,  in  the  oblique  cases,  by  the 


60  APPENDIX. 

Gerund:  e.g.  gratiam  deb  ere.  the  feeling  of  gratitude  ;  fellcem 
ease,  success  :  ad  perfrueiidas  voluptates,/or  the  enjoyment  of 
pleasures. 

§  19.  The  Participle  in  agreement  with  a  noun  is  sometimes 
used  for  the  corresponding  verbal  noun  with  the  genitive  :  this 
form  is  particularly  employed  where  the  verbal  noun  is  not  in 
good  use :  e.g.  urbs  capta,  the  capture  of  the  city ;  hae  litterae 
recitatae,  the  reading  of  the  letter. 

§  20.  Remember  that  the  English  sometimes  expresses  single 
ideas  by  double  terms  :  e.g.  '  feeling  of  shame '  (pudor),  '  love 
of  glory '  (gloria)  ;  and  conversely,  an  English  word  may  unite 
several  ideas:  e.g.  'prejudices'  (opmioues  praeiudicatae,  or 
falsae  atque  inveterata  oplniones),  '  character '  (ingenium 
et  mores),  'method'  (via  et  ratio). 


THE  PERIODIC  STYLE  IN  LIVY. 

§  21.  Livy  and  Cicero  in  the  main  adopted  the  periodic 
style,  for  which  the  Latin  language,  in  its  freedom  of  arrange- 
ment of  words  and  clauses,  has  special  aptitude.  In  the  imita- 
tion of  Livy's  style,  it  is  therefore  important  to  understand 
clearly  the  nature  of  the  formation  of  well-proportioned  and 
rhythmical  periods ;  and  it  is  intended  to  make  a  short  study 
of  that  style  here,  and  to  give  rules  which  may  be  consulted, 
especially  before  the  translation  of  the  last  seven  exercises. 

The  student  should  carefully  note  the  difference  between 
the  English  and  Latin  style.  English  is  essentially  a  language 
of  separate  or  detached  sentences,  making  clauses  logically  sub- 
ordinate and  dependent,  co-ordinate  and  independent  sentences. 
The  Latin,  on  the  other  hand,  attends  more  carefully  to  the 
logical  relation  of  clauses.  In  the  treatment  of  a  subject  it 
seizes  upon  the  central  idea,  expresses  it  by  a  leading  clause, 
and  groups  around  it,  by  means  of  subordinate  clauses,  all 
accessory  ideas,  so  as  to  form  a  symmetrical  whole. 


APPENDIX.  61 

§  22.  A  Period l  is  a  complex  sentence,  in  which  one  or 
more  subordinate  clauses  are  incorporated  into  the  main 
clause :  e.g.  — 

Scipio,  ut  Hannibalem  ex  Italia  deduceret,  exercitum  in  Afri- 
carn  traiecit.  [Cf.  Scipio  exercitum  in  Africam  traiecit,  ut  Han- 
nibalem ex  Italia  deduceret  (not  periodic).] 

Flaminius,  cum  pridie  solis  occasu  ad  lacum  perveni?set,  inex- 
plorato  postero  die  vixdum  satis  certa  luce  angustils  superatis, 
postquam  in  patentiorem  campum  paudi  agmen  coepit,  id  tan- 
turn  hostium,  quod  ex  adverse  erat,  conspexit.  (Livy  xxii.  4.) 

Numitor  inter  primum  tumultum  hostes  invasisse  urbem 
atque  adortos  regiam  dictitans,  cum  pubem  Alhanum  in  arcem 
praesidiS  armisque  obtinendarn  avocasset,  postquatn  iuvenes 
perpetrata  caede  pergere  ad  se  gratulantes  vidit,  exemplo  advo- 
cato  concilio,  scelera  in  se  fratres,  originem,  neptotum,  ut  geniti, 
ut  educati,  ut  cogniti  essent,  caedem  delude  tyranni  seque  eius 
auctorem  ostendit.  (Livy  i.  6.) 

§  23.    By  a  study  of  the  above  examples  we  observe  — 

(a)  That  the  sense  is  expressed  by  the  sentence  as  a  whole, 
the  thought  and  grammatical  structure  being  not  completed  till 
the  last  word. 

(b)  That  the  main  idea  or  leading  statement  is  expressed  by 
the  principal  sentence. 

(c)  That  the   circumstances  of  the  main  action  are  put  in 
subordinate  clauses,  which  are  incorporated  within  the  principal 
sentence,  and  are  arranged  in  their    natural  order,  i.e.  in  the 
order  in  which  they  naturally  occur  to  the  mind. 

(d)  That  a  period  opens  with  a  leading  element,  common  to 
the   principal   and   subordinate   clauses,  which   is   usually  the 
subject,  and  is  followed  immediately  by  the  subordinate  clauses. 

'From  Gr.  *-«pio«o*  (=clrcuitus  or  ambitus  verborum).  "A 
Period  is  so-called  because  the  reader,  in  order  to  collect  together  the 
words  of  the  principal  sentence,  must  make  a  circuit,  so  to  say,  round 
the  interpolated  clauses."  —  POTTS,  Hints  towards  Latin  Prose  Compo- 
sition. 


62  APPENDIX. 

Hence  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  period  is,  in  the  main, 
as  follows :  — 

1.  The  subject,  with  the  phrases  or  clauses  immediately  con- 
nected with  it.  2.  The  phrases  or  clauses  expressing  circum- 
stances of  time,  place,  cause,  means,  etc.  3.  Clauses  expressing 
the  remoter  object.  4.  The  object,  with  the  clauses  immedi- 
ately connected  with  it.  5.  The  principal  verb. 

(e)  That  the  subordinate  ideas  of  a  Latin  period  would,  in 
English,  be  detailed  in  a  number  of  co-ordinate  and  indepen- 
dent sentences.  This  may  be  seen  in  a  translation  of  the  fore- 
going passages  from  Livy  :  — 

"  Flaminius  had  reached  the  lake  at  sunset  the  day  before. 
On  the  morrow,  without  reconnoitring  and  while  the  light  was 
still  uncertain,  he  traversed  the  narrow  pass.  As  his  army 
began  to  deploy  into  the  widening  plain,  he  could  see  only  that 
part  of  the  enemy's  force  which  was  in  front  of  him."  (Livy 
xvii.  4.) 

"  In  the  beginning  of  the  tumult,  Numitor  called  out  that 
the  city  was  assaulted  by  an  enemy,  and  the  palace  attacked. 
He  had  drawn  away  the  Alban  youth  to  the  citadel,  on  pre- 
tence of  securing  it  by  an  armed  garrison  ;  and  in  a  little  time, 
seeing  the  young  men,  after  perpetrating  the  murder,  coming 
towards  him,  with  expressions  of  joy,  he  instantly  called  the 
people  to  an  assembly,  laid  before  them  the  iniquitous  behavior 
of  his  brother  towards  himself  ;  the  birth  of  his  grandchildren, 
how  they  were  begotten,  how  educated,  how  discovered ;  then 
informed  them  of  the  death  of  the  usurper,  and  that  he  had 
himself  encouraged  the  design."  (Livy  i.  6.) 


§  24.  SPECIAL  SUGGESTIONS. 

1.  The  element  common  to  both  principal  and  subordinate 
sentences  is  placed  at  the  beginning.  This,  as  has  been  stated, 
is  commonly  the  subject  of  principal  and  subordinate  sentences  ; 
but  it  may  also  be  — 


APPENDIX.  63 

(a)  The  object :  e.g.  — 

Alcibiadem  ut  barbari  incendium  effugisse  viderunt,  tells  e mi- 
nus missis  inter  fecerunt. 

(b)  The  object  of  principal  sentence,  and  subject  of  subordi- 
nate sentence :  e.g  — 

Scipwnem  Hannibal  eo  ipso,  quod  adversus  eum  dux  esset 
potissimum  lectus,  praestantem  virum  credebat. 

(c)  The  subject  of  principal  sentence,  and  object  of  subordi- 
nate clause  :  e.g  — 

Rex  Prusias,  cum  Hannibali  apud  eum  exsulantl  depugnare 
placeret,  negabat  se  audere,  quod  exta  prohiberent. 

But  usually  (b)  and  (c)  are  avoided,  for  the  same  noun,  as 
far  as  possible,  is  kept  in  the  same  case  throughout  the  period. 

2.  Result  and  Final  Clauses  generally  stand  after  the  word  on 
which  they  depend  :  e.g.  — 

Tantus  repente  clamor  est  sublatus,  ut  Placentiae  quoque 
audiretur. 

3.  Noun  clauses,  in  long  periods,  in  indirect  narration,  follow 
the  principal  verb  :  e.g.  — 

Respondit,  transisse  Rhenum  sese  non  sua  sponte,  sed  rogatum 
et  arcessltum  a  Gallis. 

4.  Avoid  the  accumulation  of  verbs  at  the  end  of  a  period :  e.g. 
Pyrrhus   igitur,   cum  putaret   sibi  gloriosum  fore   pacem   et 

foedus  cum  Romanis  post  victoriam  facere,  Romam  nusit  lega- 
tum  Cineam,  qui  pacem  aequis  conditionibus  proponeret. 

5.  For  the  sake  of  clearness,  nothing  extraneous  to  the  main 
thought  should  be  introduced  within  the  period.    Such  accessory 
sentences,  therefore,  become  parenthetical :  e.g.  — 

Belli  Fidenatis  contagione  irritatl  Veientium  animi,  et  c5n- 
sanguinitate  (nam  Fldenates  quoque  EtruscI  fuerunt)  et  quod 
ipsa  loca  propinquitas  loci,  si  Romana  arma  omnibus  Infesta 
finitinus  essent,  stimulabant. 

§  25.  The  following  Periods  from  Livy  may  serve  to  illus- 
trate these  remarks  and  suggest  special  points  :  — 


64  APPENDIX. 

(a)  Duin   haec   in   Italia  geruntur,  Cn.  Cornelius   Scipio  in 
Hispaniam  cum  classe  et  exercitu  missus,  cum  ab  ostio  Rhodanl 
profectus  Pyrenaeosque  montes  circumvectus  Emporils  appulis- 
set  classem,  exposito   ibi  exercitu,  orsus  a  Lacetanis   omnem 
oram  usque  ad  Hiberum  fluinen  partim  renovandls  societatibus, 
partim  novls  mstituendls  Romanae  dicionis  fecit.    (Livy  xxi.  60.) 

While  these  events  were  happening  in  Ttaly,  Cneius  Cornelius 
Scipio  had  been  despatched  with  a  fleet  and  an  army  to  Spain. 
He  started  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  and  sailed  around 
the  Pyrenees  and  brought  his  ships  to  anchor  at  Emporiee.  He 
disembarked  his  army  there,  and  beginning  with  the  Lacetani, 
while  he  renewed  old  as  well  as  new  alliances,  he  brought  under 
Roman  sway  the  entire  coast  as  far  as  the  river  Ebro. 

(b)  Ipse  Hannibal  aeger  oculis  ex  verna  primum  intetnperie 
variante  calores  frigoraque,  elephants,   qui   unus   superfuerat, 
quo  altius  ab  aqua  exstaret,  vectus,  vigilils  tamen  et  nocturno 
humore  palustrique  caelo  gravante  caput,  et  quia  medendl  nee 
locus  nee  tempus  erat,  altero  oculo  capitur.     (Livy  xxii.  2.) 

Hannibal's  eyes  sjuffered  from  the  trying  weather  of  the 
spring,  with  its  great  variations  of  heat  and  cold,  and  therefore 
rode  on  an  elephant,  which  had  survived,  that  he  might  be  as 
high  as  possible  above  the  water.  Yet  long  watches,  the  dews 
of  the  night,  and  the  moist  climate  affected  his  head :  there  was 
neither  place  nor  time  for  the  application  of  remedies,  and  the 
consequence  was  that  he  lost  one  of  his  eyes. 

(c)  Inde  Tullum  Hostilium,  nepotem  Hostilil,  cuius  in  Infima 
arce  clara  pugna  adversus  Sabinos  fuerat,  regem  populus  iussit. 
(i.  22.) 

(d)  Itaque,  ut  caedes  manifesta  aliquo  tamen  piaculo  luere- 
tur,  imperatum  patri,  ut  filium  expiaret  pecunia  publica.     Is, 
quibusdam    piacularibus    sacrifices   factls,    quae   deinde   genti 
Horatiae    traditl    sunt,    transmlsso    per    viam    tigillo,    capite 
adoperto,  velut  sub  iugum  misit  iuvenem.     (i.  26.) 

(e)  Nocte  una  audito  perfectoque  bello  Sabino,  postero  die,  in 
magnum  iam  spe  undique  partae  pacis,  legati  Aurunci  senatum 
adeunt,  nl  decedatur  Volsco  agro  bellum  indicantes.     (ii.  26.) 


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